| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of dFdU is thymidylate synthase (TS), which it inhibits competitively with a Ki of 130 µM. By inhibiting TS, dFdU interferes with DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. It also causes cell cycle arrest at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, dFdU causes concentration- and schedule-dependent radiosensitizing effects. It is a competitive inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) with a Ki of 130 µM. It arrests the cell cycle at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Its intracellular AUC₀₋₂₄ₕ is 17-fold higher than gemcitabine, enabling prolonged metabolite exposure studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, dFdU is the major metabolite of gemcitabine with a distinct pharmacological profile. It exhibits anticancer and antitumor activities and shows radiosensitization under hypoxic conditions. It has minimal intrinsic cytotoxicity, enabling clean dissection of TS inhibition and DNA damage response without confounding cell death signals.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for thymidylate synthase inhibition involve incubating TS with dFdU (1-1000 µM) and dUMP as substrate in buffer at pH 7.4. The reaction is monitored by measuring the formation of dTMP or the release of dihydrofolate. Ki values are determined from dose-response curves using Lineweaver-Burk or Dixon plot analysis.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell assays, cancer cell lines are cultured and treated with dFdU at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 µM. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or SRB assays. Cell cycle analysis is performed by flow cytometry. Radiosensitization is evaluated by exposing treated cells to ionizing radiation and measuring clonogenic survival. Apoptosis is assessed by Annexin V/PI staining.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, dFdU is typically administered to rodents via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection in tumor models. Antitumor efficacy is evaluated by measuring tumor growth inhibition. Radiosensitization is assessed by combining dFdU treatment with radiation therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies measure dFdU concentrations in plasma and tissues by LC-MS/MS.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine (MW 264.18) has the molecular formula C9H10F2N2O5. It is a white to off-white solid. The compound is stable under recommended storage conditions. As the primary metabolite of gemcitabine, it has a long intracellular half-life and accumulates to high concentrations. It is soluble in DMSO and other organic solvents.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The compound is for research use only. No specific toxicity data are available. dFdU has minimal intrinsic cytotoxicity, making it a useful tool for studying TS inhibition and DNA damage response without confounding cell death signals. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine is a pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside.
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine (CAS# 114248-23-6) is the primary deamination metabolite of the FDA-approved anticancer drug gemcitabine. It has not been approved as a standalone therapeutic agent but is widely used in cancer research, particularly for studying gemcitabine pharmacology, radiosensitization mechanisms, and TS inhibition. It is a valuable research tool for dissecting gemcitabine's complex pharmacology. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H10F2N2O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
264.18
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| Exact Mass |
264.055
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| CAS # |
114248-23-6
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| Related CAS # |
2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-13C,15N2;1233921-75-9
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| PubChem CID |
9871558
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
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| Melting Point |
147-149ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.587
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| LogP |
-0.53
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
414
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2C([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)(F)F
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| InChi Key |
FIRDBEQIJQERSE-QPPQHZFASA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H10F2N2O5/c10-9(11)6(16)4(3-14)18-7(9)13-2-1-5(15)12-8(13)17/h1-2,4,6-7,14,16H,3H2,(H,12,15,17)/t4-,6-,7-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
1-[(2R,4R,5R)-3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7853 mL | 18.9265 mL | 37.8530 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7571 mL | 3.7853 mL | 7.5706 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3785 mL | 1.8926 mL | 3.7853 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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