| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of dFdU is thymidylate synthase (TS), which it inhibits competitively with a Ki of 130 µM. By inhibiting TS, dFdU interferes with DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. It also causes cell cycle arrest at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, dFdU causes concentration- and schedule-dependent radiosensitizing effects. It is a competitive inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) with a Ki of 130 µM. It arrests the cell cycle at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Its intracellular AUC₀₋₂₄ₕ is 17-fold higher than gemcitabine, enabling prolonged metabolite exposure studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, dFdU is the major metabolite of gemcitabine with a distinct pharmacological profile. It exhibits anticancer and antitumor activities and shows radiosensitization under hypoxic conditions. It has minimal intrinsic cytotoxicity, enabling clean dissection of TS inhibition and DNA damage response without confounding cell death signals.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for thymidylate synthase inhibition involve incubating TS with dFdU (1-1000 µM) and dUMP as substrate in buffer at pH 7.4. The reaction is monitored by measuring the formation of dTMP or the release of dihydrofolate. Ki values are determined from dose-response curves using Lineweaver-Burk or Dixon plot analysis.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell assays, cancer cell lines are cultured and treated with dFdU at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 µM. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or SRB assays. Cell cycle analysis is performed by flow cytometry. Radiosensitization is evaluated by exposing treated cells to ionizing radiation and measuring clonogenic survival. Apoptosis is assessed by Annexin V/PI staining.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, dFdU is typically administered to rodents via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection in tumor models. Antitumor efficacy is evaluated by measuring tumor growth inhibition. Radiosensitization is assessed by combining dFdU treatment with radiation therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies measure dFdU concentrations in plasma and tissues by LC-MS/MS.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine (MW 264.18) has the molecular formula C9H10F2N2O5. It is a white to off-white solid. The compound is stable under recommended storage conditions. As the primary metabolite of gemcitabine, it has a long intracellular half-life and accumulates to high concentrations. It is soluble in DMSO and other organic solvents.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The compound is for research use only. No specific toxicity data are available. dFdU has minimal intrinsic cytotoxicity, making it a useful tool for studying TS inhibition and DNA damage response without confounding cell death signals. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine is a pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside.
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine (CAS# 114248-23-6) is the primary deamination metabolite of the FDA-approved anticancer drug gemcitabine. It has not been approved as a standalone therapeutic agent but is widely used in cancer research, particularly for studying gemcitabine pharmacology, radiosensitization mechanisms, and TS inhibition. It is a valuable research tool for dissecting gemcitabine's complex pharmacology. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H10F2N2O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
264.18
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| Exact Mass |
264.055
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| CAS # |
114248-23-6
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| Related CAS # |
2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-13C,15N2;1233921-75-9
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| PubChem CID |
9871558
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
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| Melting Point |
147-149ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.587
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| LogP |
-0.53
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
414
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2C([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)(F)F
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| InChi Key |
FIRDBEQIJQERSE-QPPQHZFASA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H10F2N2O5/c10-9(11)6(16)4(3-14)18-7(9)13-2-1-5(15)12-8(13)17/h1-2,4,6-7,14,16H,3H2,(H,12,15,17)/t4-,6-,7-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
1-[(2R,4R,5R)-3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~125 mg/mL (~473.2 mM; with ultrasonication)
H2O: ~100 mg/mL (~378.5 mM; with ultrasonication) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 5 mg/mL (18.93 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 5 mg/mL (18.93 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline and mix well. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 5 mg/mL (18.93 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7853 mL | 18.9265 mL | 37.8530 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7571 mL | 3.7853 mL | 7.5706 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3785 mL | 1.8926 mL | 3.7853 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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