| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of the ACE inhibitor perindopril. It does not have direct pharmacological activity. The parent drug perindopril targets angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This results in vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure. The glucuronide metabolite is generally considered inactive.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is not pharmacologically active. As an acyl glucuronide, it has the potential to undergo hydrolysis back to the active parent drug, or to bind covalently to plasma proteins via transacylation reactions. These properties are relevant to understanding the metabolism and potential toxicity of ACE inhibitors, as acyl glucuronides have been associated with idiosyncratic drug reactions for some carboxylic acid-containing drugs.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is a major metabolite of perindopril. Following oral administration of perindopril, the acyl glucuronide is formed in the liver and excreted in the urine. The metabolite may undergo enterohepatic recirculation following biliary excretion and hydrolysis in the intestine. It contributes to the overall clearance of perindopril and is used as a marker of drug metabolism and disposition.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is used as an analytical standard for LC-MS or HPLC quantification in non-cellular assays. For in vitro studies, the compound is dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent (e.g., DMSO or methanol) to prepare a stock solution (e.g., 0.5 mg/mL). It is then used as a reference standard in enzyme activity assays (e.g., UGT glucuronidation assays) or for establishing calibration curves for metabolite quantification in biological samples such as plasma, urine, or hepatocyte incubations.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular experiments, Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide can be added to primary human hepatocyte or HepG2 cell cultures to study its formation, stability, and potential protein adduct formation. Cells are cultured in Williams' E medium with supplements. The glucuronide standard is added at concentrations of 1-100 uM, and samples are collected at various time points (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 min). Hydrolysis to perindopril and protein binding are assessed by LC-MS analysis of the medium and cell lysates.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is not administered directly but is measured as a metabolite in samples from animals dosed with perindopril. Rats or dogs are administered perindopril orally (e.g., 1-10 mg/kg), and blood, urine, and bile are collected. The acyl glucuronide standard is used for LC-MS/MS quantification of the metabolite in these samples. The data provide information on perindopril metabolism, enterohepatic circulation, and elimination pathways.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is a metabolite and its PK parameters are derived from perindopril administration. Perindopril is rapidly absorbed (Tmax ∼ 1 hour) and extensively metabolized. The acyl glucuronide appears in plasma within 1-2 hours, reaches peak concentrations by 2-4 hours, and has an elimination half-life of approximately 3-6 hours. The metabolite is primarily eliminated renally, with approximately 20-30% of the dose recovered as the glucuronide in urine.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is a metabolite and is not inherently toxic. Acyl glucuronide metabolites of carboxylic acid drugs have been associated with the potential for covalent protein binding and idiosyncratic toxicity. However, perindopril has a well-established safety profile, and severe adverse reactions are rare. The compound is not stable in aqueous solution, which may affect its handling. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling glucuronide conjugates (gloves, safety glasses) are recommended. Not for human consumption.
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| References |
[1]. Lecocq B, et al. Influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of perindopril and the time course of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in serum. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990 Mar;47(3):397-402.
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| Additional Infomation |
Perindopril acyl-β-D-glucuronide is a peptide.
Perindopril acyl-beta-D-glucuronide is not a drug but a research-use metabolite and analytical standard. It has no approved therapeutic status. It is used as a metabolite standard for analytical research, quality control, and pharmaceutical reference standard applications. It is a metabolite of perindopril, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Perindopril is an approved drug marketed under brand names such as Coversyl and Aceon. This metabolite is important for understanding the metabolic fate of perindopril. |
| Molecular Formula |
C25H40N2O11
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
544.59
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| Exact Mass |
544.263
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| CAS # |
120398-66-5
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| PubChem CID |
45040207
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Melting Point |
133-137ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.574
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| LogP |
-1.1
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
12
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| Heavy Atom Count |
38
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| Complexity |
870
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
CCOC([C@@H](N[C@H](C(N1[C@H]2CCCC[C@H]2CC1C(OC1OC(C(=O)O)C(O)C(O)C1O)=O)=O)C)CCC)=O
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| InChi Key |
VEYBPHDESXGJIN-VEYQHAJCSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C25H40N2O11/c1-4-8-14(23(34)36-5-2)26-12(3)21(31)27-15-10-7-6-9-13(15)11-16(27)24(35)38-25-19(30)17(28)18(29)20(37-25)22(32)33/h12-20,25-26,28-30H,4-11H2,1-3H3,(H,32,33)/t12-,13-,14-,15-,16?,17?,18?,19?,20?,25?/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
6-[(3aS,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydroindole-2-carbonyl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8362 mL | 9.1812 mL | 18.3624 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3672 mL | 1.8362 mL | 3.6725 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1836 mL | 0.9181 mL | 1.8362 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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