β adrenergic receptor

Bufuralol (Ro 3-4787) hydrochloride, which is specific to CYP2D6 substrates and has an aromatic ring and basic nitrogen, is frequently used to assess CYP2D6 activity [3].

The metabolism of bufuralol (Ro 3-4787) hydrochloride mediated by NADPH displays biphasic kinetics that are less efficient than those seen in monkeys' guts and in monkeys when cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) is present, which is consistent with that in the liver. The findings of the observations agree with [4].

Cytochromea P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a highly polymorphic enzyme that metabolizes a large number of therapeutic drugs. To date, more than 100 CYP2D6 allelic variants have been reported. Among these variants, we recently identified 22 novel variants in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to functionally characterize the enzymatic activity of these variants in vitro. A baculovirus-mediated expression system was used to express wild-type CYP2D6.1 and other variants (CYP2D6.2, CYP2D6.10 and 22 novel CYP2D6 variants) at high levels. Then, the insect microsomes containing expressed CYP2D6 proteins were incubated with Bufuralol or dextromethorphan at 37°C for 20 or 25 min., respectively. After termination, the metabolites were extracted and used for the detection with high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the 24 CYP2D6 variants tested, two variants (CYP2D6.92 and CYP2D6.96) were found to be catalytically inactive. The remaining 22 variants exhibited significantly decreased intrinsic clearance values for Bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation and 20 variants showed significantly lower intrinsic clearance values for dextromethorphan O-demethylation than those of the wild-type CYP2D6.1. Our in vitro results suggest that most of the variants exhibit significantly reduced catalytic activities compared with the wild-type, and these data provide valuable information for personalized medicine in Chinese and other Asian populations.[1]

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Metabolic phenotype can be affected by multiple factors, including allelic variation and interactions with inhibitors. Human CYP2D6 is responsible for approximately 20% of cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism but consists of more than 100 known variants; several variants are commonly found in the population, whereas others are quite rare. Four CYP2D6 allelic variants-three with a series of mutations distal to the active site (*34, *17-2, *17-3) and one ultra-metabolizer with mutations near the active site (*53), along with reference *1 and an active site mutant of *1 (Thr309Ala)-were expressed, purified, and studied for interactions with the typical substrates dextromethorphan and Bufuralol and the inactivator SCH 66712. We found that *34, *17-2, and *17-3 displayed reduced enzyme activity and NADPH coupling while producing the same metabolites as *1, suggesting a possible role for Arg296 in NADPH coupling. A higher-activity variant, *53, displayed similar NADPH coupling to *1 but was less susceptible to inactivation by SCH 66712. The Thr309Ala mutant showed similar activity to that of *1 but with greatly reduced NADPH coupling. Overall, these results suggest that kinetic and metabolic analysis of individual CYP2D6 variants is required to understand their possible contributions to variable drug response and the complexity of personalized medicine.[2]

Observations were made in eight subjects who exercised before and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h after the double-blind oral administration of placebo, bufuralol 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 mg and propranolol 40 and 160 mg. The exercise heart rate remained constant after placebo. Bufuralol 7.5 mg and propranolol 40 mg reduced exercise heart rate up to 6 and 8 h respectively after dosing but bufuralol 15, 30, 60 and 120 mg and propranolol 160 mg were still active at 24 h. The lowest exercise heart rate occurred at 2 h after all active treatments. Bufuralol 60 and 120 mg produced similar reduction in exercise tachycardia as propranolol 40 mg but less than propranolol 160 mg. Plasma levels of bufuralol and its two major metabolites were measured. The peak plasma concentrations of bufuralol occurred at 1.5 h after 7.5 mg and at 2 h after the other doses of bufuralol. In six subjects the plasma elimination half-life of bufuralol was 2.61 +/- 0.18 h and in the other three subjects 4.85 +/- 0.35 h. There was a corresponding longer time to peak concentration and plasma elimination half-life of the two metabolites in these three subjects. These findings show that bufuralol is a potent beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. It has a long duration of action and there is bimodal metabolism of the drug in man

Metabolites/Metabolites: Known metabolites of ibuprofen include 1',2'-vinylbuprofen, 4-hydroxybuprofen, and 6-hydroxybuprofen. Eight subjects were observed exercising 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after receiving a double-blind oral dose of placebo, ibuprofen 7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg, and propranolol 40 and 160 mg. Exercise heart rate remained stable after placebo administration. Ibuprofen 7.5 mg and propranolol 40 mg reduced exercise heart rate at 6 and 8 hours after administration, respectively, but ibuprofen 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg and propranolol 160 mg remained effective at 24 hours. Exercise heart rate reached its lowest value 2 hours after all active treatments. Ibuprofen 60 mg and 120 mg were similar to propranolol 40 mg in reducing exercise-induced tachycardia, but less effective than propranolol 160 mg. The plasma concentrations of ibuprofen and its two major metabolites were determined. Peak plasma concentrations of ibuprofen 7.5 mg were reached 1.5 hours after administration, while peak plasma concentrations of other doses were reached 2 hours after administration. The plasma elimination half-life of ibuprofen was 2.61 ± 0.18 hours in 6 subjects and 4.85 ± 0.35 hours in 3 other subjects. The peak concentration times and plasma elimination half-lives of the two metabolites were also prolonged in these 3 subjects. These results suggest that ibuprofen is a potent β-adrenergic receptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. It has a long duration of action and exhibits bimodal metabolism in humans. [1]

The oral LD50 in rats was 750 mg/kg. Behavioral effects included: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; and respiratory depression in the lungs, pleura, or respiration. (Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]). The subcutaneous LD50 in rats was 1400 mg/kg. Behavioral effects included: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; and respiratory depression in the lungs, pleura, or respiration. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]
Oral LD50 in mice: 177 mg/kg. Behavioral studies: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; lung, pleural, or respiratory: respiratory depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]
Intraperitoneal LD50 in mice: 88 mg/kg. Behavioral studies: seizures or impact on the epilepsy threshold; ataxia; lung, pleural, or respiratory: respiratory depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]
Intravenous LD50 in mice: 29700 ug/kg Behavior: seizures or effects on the epileptic threshold; Behavior: ataxia; Lungs, pleura, or respiration: respiratory depression. Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research, 27(1410), 1977 [PMID:20114]

[1]. Effects of 22 Novel CYP2D6 Variants Found in the Chinese Population on the Bufuralol and Dextromethorphan Metabolisms In Vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 Mar;118(3):190-9.

[2]. CYP2D6 Allelic Variants *34, *17-2, *17-3, and *53 and a Thr309Ala Mutant Display Altered Kinetics and NADPH Coupling in Metabolism of Bufuralol and Dextromethorphan and Altered Susceptibility to Inactivation by SCH 66712. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Aug;46(8):1106-1117.

[3]. (+)-bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation activity in human and rhesus monkey intestine and liver. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Oct 26;50(9):1521-5.

C16H24CLNO2

297.82

297.15

C, 64.53; H, 8.12; Cl, 11.90; N, 4.70; O, 10.74

60398-91-6

Bufuralol;54340-62-4; 59652-29-8 (HCl); 60398-91-6 (racemic HCl)

151573

Off-white to light brown solid powder

393.2ºC at 760 mmHg

143-146ºC

191.6ºC

4.609

3

3

5

20

287

0

KJBONRGCLLBWCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C16H23NO2.ClH/c1-5-11-7-6-8-12-9-14(19-15(11)12)13(18)10-17-16(2,3)4;/h6-9,13,17-18H,5,10H2,1-4H3;1H

2-(tert-butylamino)-1-(7-ethyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)ethanol;hydrochloride

Bufuralol hydrochloride; 60398-91-6; Bufuralol HCl; 59652-29-8; Angium; bufuralol, hydrochloride; Bufuralol (hydrochloride); Bufurolol hydrochloride;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Ethanol: 15 mg/mL (50.37 mM)
DMSO: 10 mg/mL (33.58 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)