Rat 5-HT1B Receptor (IC50 = 47 nM)

Rat occipital cortical slices' K+-stimulated release of [3H]-5-HT is enhanced by NAS-181 (compound (R)-25) (0-1000 nM)[1]. Rats that are given NAS-181 (3 mg/kg; sc) have more wet dog shakes; however, this effect is neutralized when the rats are given p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) (200 mg/kg; ip) as a pretreatment[1].

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NAS181 exhibits extremely low affinities (Ki>3000 nM) for every other receptor that has been studied, such as dopamine D1 and D2, α1-, α2-, and β-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7, and 5-HT2[1]. In preloaded rat occipital cortex slices, NAS181 (10-1000 nM) dose-dependently increases the K+-stimulated [3H]-5-HT release[1].

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In the search for new 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor antagonists it was found that the compound (R)-(+)-2-[[[3-(morpholinomethyl)-2H-chromen-8-yl]oxy] methyl] morpholine methanesulfonate, (R)-25/NAS-181, is a selective rat 5-hydroxytryptamine1B (r5-HT1B) receptor antagonist. The binding profile showed a 13-fold preference for r5-HT1B (Ki = 47 +/- 5 nM; n = 3) vs bovine 5-HT1B (Ki = 630 nM; n = 1) receptors. The compound had very low affinity for other monoaminergic receptors examined. The r5-HT1B receptor antagonism was demonstrated by the potentiation of the K+-stimulated release of [3H]-5-HT from superfused rat brain slices in vitro, an effect that was antagonized by addition of 5-HT to the superfusion fluid. [1]
The affinity of (R)-25/NAS-181 for the 5-HT1D receptors in calf caudate membranes (mainly constituting the homologous bovine 5-HT1B receptor) was more than 10 times less than that for the rat r5-HT1B receptor. (R)-25 had very low affinities for all other receptors examined, including 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7, α1-, α2-, and β-adrenoceptors, and dopamine D1 and D2 (Table 2). [1]
The r5-HT1B antagonistic property of (R)-25/NAS-181 was characterized in the K+-stimulated release of [3H]-5-HT from preloaded rat occipital cortical slices. As shown in Table 3 (R)-25 dose-dependently potentiated the [3H]-5-HT release in the concentration range 10−1000 nM. Furthermore, the potentiation of the release caused by (R)-25 was antagonized at 1000 nM but not at 100 nM of unlabeled 5-HT into the superfusion fluid (Table 4), which indicates competition between these two compounds. [1]

In rat brain areas, NAS-181 (20 mg/kg; sc) promotes the accumulation of 5-HTP[1].
Acetylcholine (ACh) release is dose-dependently increased in the frontal, ventral hippocampus cortex, and VHipp by NAS181 (1–10 mg/kg; sc)[1]. In four rat brain regions (the striatum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus), NAS181 (20 mg/kg; sc) increases 5-HT turnover by roughly 40%[1]. Rats that are given NAS181 (3 mg/kg; sc) exhibit a notable increase in the quantity of wet dog shakes[1].

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(R)-25 (NAS-181) at 20 mg/kg sc enhanced the 5-HT turnover in four rat brain regions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, and frontal cortex) with about 40% measured as the 5-HTP accumulation after decarboxylase inhibition with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine. At 3 mg/kg sc (R)-25 produced a significant increase in the number of wet dog shakes in rats, a 5-HT2A/5-HT2C response that was abolished by depletion of 5-HT after pretreatment with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine. These observations show that (R)-25, by inhibiting terminal r5-HT1B autoreceptors, increases the 5-HT turnover and the synaptic concentration of 5-HT.[1]

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonist NAS-181 ((R)-(+)-2-(3-morpholinomethyl-2H-chromen-8-yl) oxymethyl-morpholine methanesulfonate) on cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABA-ergic neurotransmission in the rat brain in vivo. Extracellular levels of acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA were monitored by microdialysis in the frontal cortex (FC) and ventral hippocampus (VHipp) in separate groups of freely moving rats. NAS-181 (1, 5 or 10 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a dose-dependent increase in ACh levels, reaching the maximal values of 500% (FC) and 230% (VHipp) of controls at 80 min post-injection. On the contrary, NAS-181 injected at doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg s.c. had no effect on basal extracellular levels of Glu and GABA in these areas. The present data suggest that ACh neurotransmission in the FC and VHipp, the brain structures strongly implicated in cognitive function, is under tonic inhibitory control of 5-HT(1B) heteroreceptors localized at the cholinergic terminals in these areas [2].

Radioligand Binding Studies. [1]
Affinities for the following receptors were determined as described by Jackson et al. 27 (the radioligand and tissue in parentheses): 5-HT1A ([3H]OH-DPAT, rat hippocampus), α1-adrenoceptors ([3H]prazosin, rat cortex), α2-adrenoceptors ([3H]RX821002 ((1,4-[6,7-3H]benzodioxan-2-methoxy-2-yl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride), rat cortex), β-adrenoceptors ([3H]dihydroalprenolol, rat cortex), dopamine D1 ([3H]SCH-23390, rat striatum); dopamine D2 ([3H]raclopride, cell (LtkhD2A) membranes). The following receptors were determined as described by Johansson et al.: 28 5-HT2A ([3H]ketanserin, rat cortex), 5-HT2C ([3H]mesulergine, rat cortex), 5-HT6 ([3H]-5-HT, cell (CHOr5-HT6) membranes), 5-HT7 ([3H]-5-HT, cell (CHOr5-HT7) membranes). [125I]Iodocyanopindolol was used as the ligand for r5-HT1B receptors in rat cerebral cortical membranes in the presence of 60 μM isoproterenol in order to avoid binding to β-adrenoceptors as described by Hoyer et al. 29 Membranes from calf caudate were used for the assay of 5-HT1D receptors with [3H]-5-HT in the presence of 8-OH-DPAT, 100 nM, and mesulergine, 100 nM, to avoid binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors according to the method of Heuring and Peroutka; 30 5-HT, 10 μM, was used in these three assays to determine the specific binding. Binding to σ recepors in membranes from whole rat brains was assayed with [3H]DTG (N,N‘-di(o-tolyl)guanidine) as described by Ross.

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Potassium-Stimulated [3H] Overflow from Rat Cortical Slices Preloaded with [3H]-5-HT. [1]
The method described by Rényi et al was used. Slices from occipital cortex (0.3 × 0.3 mm) preloaded with [3H]-5-HT were superfused with freshly oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit's buffer, pH 7.4, containing 2.5 μM citalopram at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. After a 50 min washing, 4-min fractions were collected, and after 62 min a buffer solution containing 25 mM KCl was administered for 4 min followed by superfusion with the original buffer. The slices were superfused with the test compound at appropriate concentrations in the buffer for 72 min. A second addition of 25 mM KCl and the test compound were administered for 4 min beginning at 98 min, and the superfusion was continued and stopped at 122 min. The radioactivities in the fractions and remaining activities in the slices were counted by liquid scintillation, and the percentage of fractional release for each fraction was determined. The ratio of release in the presence of the test compound after the second stimulation (S2) to that after the first stimulation (S1) was determined and expressed as a percentage of the corresponding ratio in the controls without test compound. To evaluate the intrinsic activity, the test compound and 5-HT were administered in the same solution.

Animal/Disease Models: Rats[1]
Doses: 20 mg/kg
Route of Administration: Sc
Experimental Results: Dramatically increased the 5-HTP accumulation in hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum, and the ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT in these brain regions was even more elevated (40−60%).

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On the day of the experiment, the animals were placed in the CMA/120 system for freely moving animals (CMA/Microdialysis) for an initial 2 h in order to habituate to the new environment. A CMA/12 microdialysis probe (8 mm shaft, 2 mm membrane length) was inserted into the guide cannula of the operated animals. The probes were perfused at a constant flow rate of 1 μl/min with the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing 148 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 0.8 mM MgCl2, 1.4 CaCl2, 1.2 mM Na2HPO4, 0.3 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.2 and 0.5 μM neostigmine. Following a 120-min stabilization period, the samples were collected every 20 min using a CMA/170 refrigerated fraction collector (CMA/Microdialysis). The first 4 samples were taken for determination of basal extracellular levels of ACh, Glu and GABA, thereafter, the drug (NAS-181) was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) in the scruff of the neck. The fractions were collected for an additional 3 h. [2]

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5-HT Turnover in Various Brain Regions. [1]
The rate of 5-HT turnover in hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum in rats was determined as the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after treatment with the 5-HTP decarboxylase inhibitor 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride (NSD 1015), 100 mg/kg sc. The test compound was injected sc 30 min before NSD 1015, and the rats were killed 30 min after. The various brain regions were rapidly dissected out, frozen on dry ice, and stored at −70 °C. 5-HTP, 5-HT, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were analyzed by HPLC.

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Determination of Wet Dog Shake Behavior. [1]
The number of wet dog shakes, including whole body shake and head shake, was determined during 60 min, starting 5 min after the injection of the test compound. Groups of 8−10 rats were used and compared with saline-treated rats (n = 30).

[1]. (R)-(+)-2-[[[3-(Morpholinomethyl)-2H-chromen-8-yl]oxy]methyl] morpholine methanesulfonate: a new selective rat 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptor antagonist. J Med Chem. 1998 May 21;41(11):1934-42.

[2]. Effects of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 on extracellular levels of acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA in the frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of awake rats: a microdialysis study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Sep;17(9):580-6.

The receptor profile of (R)-25 indicates that this compound is a selective 5-HT1B receptor ligand with moderate to high potency. Because (R)-25 has a low affinity for the 5-HT1D receptor in the calf caudate nucleus (which is primarily composed of bovine 5-HT1B receptors), its receptor profile differs from that of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid [4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amide (GR127,935). GR127,935 exhibits high affinity for both homologous forms of the 5-HT1B receptor and also for the 5-HT1D receptor. The affinity of (R)-25 for the latter receptor type remains to be elucidated. In an in vitro model, (R)-25 enhanced the release of [3H]-5-HT stimulated by K+ in perfused rat occipital cortical sections, and a competitive antagonistic effect was observed between (R)-25 and 5-HT, indicating that (R)-25 is an antagonist of this receptor. Furthermore, (R)-25 significantly increased the accumulation of 5-HTP in all four brain regions examined in rats treated with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, and further increased the intracranial 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio. These findings suggest an increased 5-HT turnover rate in these terminal 5-HT regions, likely due to increased terminal 5-HT release. The (R)-25-induced wet dog-like shaking behavior is highly consistent with this view, as the response disappeared after depletion of intracranial 5-HT with pCPA. These observations suggest that, under normal conditions, the terminal 5-HT1B receptor plays a functional role in determining the amount of 5-HT released from the terminal receptor.
As (R)-25 is a selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, this compound may be a valuable tool for studying the functional role of 5-HT1B receptors in rodents. [1]

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These reports provide a theoretical basis for detecting the effects of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 on extracellular Glu and GABA levels in awake rats by microdialysis sampling. As shown in Figures 3 and 4, subcutaneous injection of doses up to 20 mg/kg of NAS-181 had no effect on extracellular glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in hippocampal and cortical cells. One possible explanation for this is that, under in vivo conditions, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are only weakly regulated by inhibitory 5-HT1B heterologous receptors. Another possible explanation relates to the limitations of microdialysis in monitoring the pool of Glu and GABA released by neurons. Extracellular Glu and GABA originate from both neurons and glial cells, but recent studies have questioned whether microdialysis can detect neuronal-derived Glu and GABA (Timmerman and Westerink, 1997). To our knowledge, only a few microdialysis studies have explored the regulatory role of 5-HT1B receptors on Glu and GABA release. Therefore, Srkalovic et al. (1994) observed that administration of the 5-HT1B receptor agonist TMFPP decreased basal glutamate (Glu) levels, while the non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist methegrine significantly increased extracellular glutamate levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Another study found that in the rat frontal cortex (FC), veratrine-induced increases in extracellular glutamate and aspartate (Asp) levels could be attenuated by co-perfusion with CP-93,129 (Golembiowska and Dziubina, 2002). However, this microdialysis study, as well as the aforementioned studies involving electrophysiological recordings, were conducted under strong stimulation conditions using 5-HT1B receptor agonists, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the potential sustained regulatory activity of 5-HT1B receptors on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the rat brain. However, our results suggest that the potent stimulatory effect of NAS-181 on acetylcholine (ACh) release is unlikely mediated by the deactivation of GABAergic afferent fibers or interneurons in the frontal cortex (FC) and ventral hippocampus (VHipp), but rather by direct inhibitory regulation of ACh neurotransmission through heterologous 5-HT1B receptors at cholinergic nerve endings. In summary, this microdialysis study demonstrates that systemic administration of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 significantly and dose-dependently increases extracellular ACh levels in the frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of conscious rats. Glutamate (Glu) and GABA concentrations were unaffected. These results suggest that ACh neurotransmission is subject to sustained inhibitory regulation by heterologous 5-HT1B receptors. The specific mechanism of action of the 5-HT1B heterologous receptor at the cholinergic terminal or cell body level in the rat basal forebrain needs further investigation using a dual-probe microdialysis method. [2]

C20H30N2O7S

442.53

442.17737

C, 54.28; H, 6.83; N, 6.33; O, 25.31; S, 7.24

205242-62-2

NAS-181 dimesylate;1217474-40-2; 205242-61-1

9955014

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

765ºC at 760 mmHg

416.5ºC

1.31E-24mmHg at 25°C

2.598

2

9

5

30

545

1

CS(O)(=O)=O.CS(O)(=O)=O.O1CCN(CC2=CC3C=CC=C(OCC4CNCCO4)C=3OC2)CC1

JDFGAOJLDPTWBF-UNTBIKODSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H26N2O4.CH4O3S/c1-2-16-10-15(12-21-5-8-22-9-6-21)13-25-19(16)18(3-1)24-14-17-11-20-4-7-23-17;1-5(2,3)4/h1-3,10,17,20H,4-9,11-14H2;1H3,(H,2,3,4)/t17-;/m1./s1

methanesulfonic acid;(2R)-2-[[3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2H-chromen-8-yl]oxymethyl]morpholine

NAS-181; 205242-62-2; FU2LC28NCH; NAS181; UNII-FU2LC28NCH;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)