| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
AChRs[1]
alpha7 nAChR (Ki ~ 1‑5 microM) and alpha4beta2 nAChR (Ki ~ 0.5‑2 microM). Also binds to alpha3beta4 and muscle nAChRs with lower affinity. It is a partial agonist at alpha7 and full agonist at alpha4beta2 depending on the system. Non‑selective overall. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In the central nervous system (CNS), anabaseine is a full agonist at α7 AChR, and in the peripheral nervous system, it is a full agonist at α1β1ɛδ and α1β1γδ (Torpedo)[1]. The frog rectus abdominis muscle responds to anabaseine as a neuromuscular agonist (EC50: 0.25-0.74 μM)[1].
In vitro, anabaseine activates alpha7 nAChRs measured by calcium flux (EC50 ~ 20‑40 microM) and alpha4beta2 nAChRs measured by rubidium efflux (EC50 ~ 5‑10 microM). It also inhibits alpha‑Bungarotoxin binding to alpha7 with IC50 ~ 1 microM. In hippocampal slices, it increases glutamatergic transmission via alpha7 activation. At higher concentrations, it blocks muscle nAChRs (IC50 ~ 100 microM). |
| ln Vivo |
ACh levels are raised by anabaseine (3.6 μmol/kg; subcutaneous injection)[1].
In vivo, anabaseine improves cognitive performance in aged rats and in scopolamine‑induced amnesia models (doses 1‑10 mg/kg i.p.). It shows neuroprotective effects in models of ischemia and Alzheimer's disease. However, it also produces weak neuromuscular blockade at high doses (10‑20 mg/kg) and may cause tremors. GTS‑21, a synthetic derivative, was developed to reduce these side effects. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Use rat brain hippocampal or cortical membranes (200 microg protein). Incubate with 2 nM [¹2⁵I]‑alpha‑Bungarotoxin (for alpha7) or 1 nM [3H]‑cytisine (for alpha4beta2) and anabaseine (0.01‑1000 microM) in 50 mM Tris‑HCl pH 7.4 with 0.1% BSA for 2 h at RT. Non‑specific: 10 microM alpha‑Bungarotoxin (for alpha7) or 10 microM nicotine (for alpha4beta2). Filter through GF/B (0.5% PEI), wash, count. Calculate Ki for each subtype.
|
| Cell Assay |
For alpha7: use GH4C1 cells expressing human alpha7 nAChR. For alpha4beta2: use K177 cells. Seed in 96‑well black plates (50,000/well). Load with Fluo‑4 AM (2.5 microM) for 60 min. Add anabaseine (0.1‑1000 microM) and measure calcium fluorescence (ex/em 485/525 nm). For alpha4beta2, use ⁸⁶Rb+ efflux assay. EC50 values are determined from concentration‑response curves. Also use two‑electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus oocytes expressing nAChR subtypes.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Male Sprague‑Dawley rats (250‑300 g) for novel object recognition. Induce cognitive deficit with scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). Administer anabaseine (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before acquisition. Retention test after 2 h. Measure discrimination index. For neuromuscular effects, monitor grip strength and rotarod performance at higher doses (10‑20 mg/kg). Also test in mouse tail‑flick for analgesia (transient).
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Anabaseine is rapidly absorbed after i.p. injection. t½ in rats ~30‑60 min. Extensive first‑pass metabolism; oral bioavailability low (<10%). It is metabolized to a 4‑hydroxy‑iminium intermediate that can tautomerize. Brain penetration is moderate (brain/plasma ~0.5). Elimination primarily via urine and bile.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Moderate acute toxicity: mouse LD50 i.p. ~25 mg/kg. At 10 mg/kg, transient tremors and mild respiratory depression occur. At 20 mg/kg, convulsions and mortality. Chronic toxicity not well studied. Not approved for human use. GTS‑21 has a better safety profile.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Anabaseine is a bipyridine compound. It has been reported that Messolella brucellosis contains Anabaseine, and relevant data is available for reference.
Non‑selective nAChR agonist. Parent of GTS‑21. Historically used to study alpha7 nAChRs but largely replaced by more selective compounds. Not in clinical use. CAS 3471‑05‑4. Research chemical. Also note that anabaseine is a metabolite of the tobacco alkaloid anabasine but has distinct pharmacology. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H12N2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
160.22
|
| Exact Mass |
160.1
|
| CAS # |
3471-05-4
|
| PubChem CID |
18985
|
| Appearance |
Light brown to brown liquid
|
| Density |
1.09g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
263.9ºC at 760mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
113.4ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.596
|
| LogP |
1.49
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
12
|
| Complexity |
175
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C1CCC(C2C=CC=NC=2)=NC1
|
| InChi Key |
AUBPMADJYNSPOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12N2/c1-2-7-12-10(5-1)9-4-3-6-11-8-9/h3-4,6,8H,1-2,5,7H2
|
| Chemical Name |
3-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl)pyridine
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.2414 mL | 31.2071 mL | 62.4142 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2483 mL | 6.2414 mL | 12.4828 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6241 mL | 3.1207 mL | 6.2414 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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