| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| 5mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of Chitobiose dihydrochloride is the enzyme chitobiase, which is responsible for the degradation of chitobiose into N-acetylglucosamine monomers. In bacteria like Borrelia burgdorferi, it is utilized as a nutrient source. It interacts with chitin-binding proteins and can be used to study bacterial cell wall metabolism and carbohydrate transport systems.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Chitobiose dihydrochloride acts as a specific substrate for chitinolytic enzymes. It is hydrolyzed by chitobiase (beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase) to produce two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a key building block of bacterial cell walls. It is used to measure the activity and kinetics (Km, Vmax) of purified chitobiase or chitinase enzymes in a cell-free system.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, the compound‘s activity is related to bacterial growth and metabolism. For example, Borrelia burgdorferi (the Lyme disease bacterium) utilizes chitobiose to produce N-acetylglucosamine for its cell wall. Deletion of the chitobiose transporter genes in these bacteria prevents them from growing on this disaccharide, demonstrating its role as a carbon and nitrogen source for specific pathogens.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cellular enzyme kinetic assay is used. Purified chitobiase enzyme is incubated with varying concentrations (0-5 mM) of Chitobiose dihydrochloride in a buffer (pH 5.5-6.5) at 37degC for 10-60 minutes. The reaction is stopped by heating or adding a basic solution. The released N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is quantified using a colorimetric method (e.g., the Morgan-Elson method) or by HPLC. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) are calculated from a Lineweaver-Burk plot.
|
| Cell Assay |
Chitobiose dihydrochloride is used as a chemical standard or media supplement, not typically as a drug on adherent cells. However, a microbiological growth assay can be performed. A defined minimal medium lacking a carbon source is supplemented with Chitobiose dihydrochloride (e.g., 1-10 mM) as the sole carbohydrate. Borrelia burgdorferi or another chitinolytic bacterium is inoculated into the medium, and bacterial growth (OD600) is monitored over 48-72 hours. Growth indicates the bacterium‘s ability to utilize chitobiose.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo protocols are typically bacterial infection studies, not drug studies. A specific protocol involves a mouse model of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Mice are intradermally injected with either wild-type B. burgdorferi or a mutant strain deficient in the chitobiose transporter (chbC). The spirochete load in the skin, joints, and heart is measured by qPCR at 2-4 weeks post-infection. The mutant strain shows reduced survival in the host, demonstrating the importance of chitobiose metabolism for in vivo fitness.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Chitobiose dihydrochloride is a hydrophilic disaccharide (MW 413.25, C12H26Cl2N2O9). It is freely soluble in water (250 mg/mL). As a natural metabolite, any absorbed chitobiose would be hydrolyzed by human chitinases in the gut or bloodstream into glucosamine, which then enters normal metabolic pathways (e.g., entering glycolysis after conversion to glucosamine-6-phosphate).
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Chitobiose dihydrochloride is generally regarded as a low-toxicity biochemical. The LD50 is not established, but chitosan oligosaccharides are generally considered safe. The chloride salt may cause mild irritation. In microbiology studies, it is used as a nutrient source at millimolar concentrations without toxic effects on mammalian cells. No significant toxicological data is available for human use as it is not a therapeutic agent.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Chitobiose dihydrochloride is a standard biochemical reagent used for studying chitin metabolism and bacterial nutrition systems. It is a model substrate for chitinases and chitobiases. It is not a therapeutic drug and has no clinical approval. It is used primarily for research in microbiology, enzymology, and the study of Lyme disease pathogenesis.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C12H25CLN2O9
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
376.787903547287
|
| Exact Mass |
412.101
|
| CAS # |
115350-24-8
|
| Related CAS # |
Chitotetraose tetrahydrochloride;117399-50-5;Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride;117467-64-8;Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride;127171-88-4;Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride;127171-89-5;Chitotriose trihydrochloride;117436-78-9;Chitobiose;577-76-4
|
| PubChem CID |
57369765
|
| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
25
|
| Complexity |
390
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
|
| SMILES |
Cl.O([C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O1)O)O)N)[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC([C@@H]([C@H]1O)N)O
|
| InChi Key |
QBSWPIQMUDKRHR-SORUAGQPSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H24N2O9.2ClH/c13-5-9(19)10(4(2-16)21-11(5)20)23-12-6(14)8(18)7(17)3(1-15)22-12;;/h3-12,15-20H,1-2,13-14H2;2*1H/t3-,4-,5-,6-,7-,8-,9-,10-,11?,12+;;/m1../s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-amino-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol;dihydrochloride
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 250 mg/mL (604.96 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6540 mL | 13.2700 mL | 26.5400 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5308 mL | 2.6540 mL | 5.3080 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2654 mL | 1.3270 mL | 2.6540 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
