| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Natural flavonoid
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Background:
Chitosan has shown potential for the control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease caused by Fusarium graminearum. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of chitosan hydrochloride applied pre- or post-fungal inoculation on FHB and to better understand its’ mode of action via an untargeted metabolomics study.
Results:
Chitosan inhibited fungal growth in vitro and, when sprayed on the susceptible wheat cultivar Remus 24 hours pre-inoculation with F. graminearum, it significantly reduced the number of infected spikelets at 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation. Chitosan pre-treatment also increased the average grain weight per head, the number of grains per head and the 1000-grain weight compared to the controls sprayed with water. No significant impact of chitosan on grain yield was observed when the plants were sprayed 24 hours post-inoculation with F. graminearum, even if it did result in a reduced number of infected spikelets at every time point. An untargeted metabolomic study using UHPLC-QTOF-MS on wheat spikes revealed that spraying the spikes with both chitosan and F. graminearum activated known FHB resistance pathways (e.g. jasmonic acid). Additionally, more metabolites were up- or down-regulated when both chitosan and F. graminearum spores were sprayed on the spikes (117), as compared with chitosan (51) or F. graminearum on their own (32). This included a terpene, a terpenoid and a liminoid previously associated with FHB resistance.
Conclusions:
In this study we showed that chitosan hydrochloride inhibited the spore germination and hyphal development of F. graminearum in vitro, triggered wheat resistance against infection by F. graminearum when used as a pre-inoculant, and highlighted metabolites and pathways commonly and differentially affected by chitosan, the pathogen and both agents. This study provides insights into how chitosan might provide protection or stimulate wheat resistance to infection by F. graminearum. It also unveiled new putatively identified metabolites that had not been listed in previous FHB or chitosan-related metabolomic studies. [1]
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Acetic acid [4-(5,7-diacetyloxy-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-2-yl)phenyl] ester is a member of flavones.
In conclusion, this research showed that chitosan inhibited the spore germination and hyphal development of F. graminearum in vitro. Additionally, chitosan decreased FHB disease severity when applied as a spray inoculant on the spikes of the susceptible wheat cv. Remus, either pre- or post-fungal inoculation. However, it only reduced the yield loss caused by the infection when applied as a pre-inoculant. The untargeted metabolomic study determined that chitosan applied as a pre-inoculant had an impact on the metabolites within the wheat spikes, whether the plants had been inoculated with F. graminearum spores or not. Some of the putatively identified metabolites were consistent with previously published studies whereas several metabolites signatures of interest remain to be characterized. Validation studies are needed to confirm the pathways delineated in this study, and particularly the uncharacterized metabolites, and in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to study the impact of metabolites of interest on the infection of plants by pathogens. Targeted measurements with higher throughput analytical methods and the use of reference compounds may help elucidate the defence mechanisms of plants growing under biotic stress conditions and also to validate the identification of all potential depicted metabolites. Finally, in agreement with previous studies, chitosan was proven to significantly reduce the impact of FHB in wheat, suggesting that a treatment could be optimised for field application. Further studies would be necessary to compare the effect of different types of chitosan and to determine an optimal time of application regarding infection. [1] |
| Molecular Formula |
C21H16O8
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
396.35
|
| Exact Mass |
396.085
|
| Elemental Analysis |
C, 63.64; H, 4.07; O, 32.29
|
| CAS # |
3316-46-9
|
| PubChem CID |
18721
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| Density |
1.356g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
569.5ºC at 760mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
249.6ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.587
|
| LogP |
3.235
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
29
|
| Complexity |
704
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
C(OC1C2C(=O)C=C(C3C=CC(OC(=O)C)=CC=3)OC=2C=C(OC(=O)C)C=1)(=O)C
|
| InChi Key |
IVXFOQQPPONQTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H16O8/c1-11(22)26-15-6-4-14(5-7-15)18-10-17(25)21-19(28-13(3)24)8-16(27-12(2)23)9-20(21)29-18/h4-10H,1-3H3
|
| Chemical Name |
[4-(5,7-diacetyloxy-4-oxochromen-2-yl)phenyl] acetate
|
| Synonyms |
Apigenin triacetate; 3316-46-9; APIGENINTRIACETATE; Triacetyl apigenin; [4-(5,7-diacetyloxy-4-oxochromen-2-yl)phenyl] acetate; 6LQX84KDOB; FLAVONE, 4',5,7-TRIHYDROXY-, TRIACETATE; 4',5,7-Triacetoxyflavone;
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.5230 mL | 12.6151 mL | 25.2302 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5046 mL | 2.5230 mL | 5.0460 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2523 mL | 1.2615 mL | 2.5230 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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