| ln Vitro |
Nickel(II) oxide (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL; 24 h) reduced the viability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner and increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture medium. At concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL, cell viability was maintained at 60%-80% [1]. Nickel(II) oxide (25, 50, 100 μg/mL; 24 h) oxide increased the content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and the protein expression of type I collagen (Col-I) in the culture medium of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The Hyp content was significantly increased in the 100 μg/mL group, and the Col-I expression was upregulated in the 50 and 100 μg/mL groups [1]. Nickel(II) oxide (25, 50, 100 μg/mL; 24 h) upregulated the expression of TGF-β1 protein in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, activated the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways, resulting in increased gene and phosphorylated protein levels, while the total protein level remained unchanged [1]. Nickel(II) oxide (25, 50, 100 μg/mL; 24 h) induced an imbalance of MMPs/TIMPs in A549 cells, with significantly increased MMP-9 gene and protein levels in the 50 and 100 μg/mL groups, and dose-dependent upregulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, with increased MMP-2 protein expression observed only in the 100 μg/mL group [1]. Nickel(II) oxide (100 μg/mL; pretreated with an inhibitor for 1 h followed by treatment for 24 h) in combination with 10 μM TGF-β1 inhibitor SB431542 downregulated the levels of p-p38 MAPK and p-ERK1/2 in A549 cells and increased cell viability [1]. Nickel(II) oxide (100 μg/mL; pretreated with an inhibitor for 1 h followed by treatment for 24 h) in combination with 10 μM p38 inhibitor SB203580 or ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 reduced the protein levels of Col-I, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 [1]. Nickel(II) (25, 50, 100 μg/mL; 24 hours) dose-dependently downregulated the expression of lncRNA MEG3 in A549 cells, with significant effects at 50 and 100 μg/mL, while activating the PI3K/AKT pathway (increasing p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR) [2].
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|---|---|
| ln Vivo |
In a male rat model of pulmonary fibrosis, nickel oxide (II) (0.015-0.24 mg/kg; intratracheal infusion; twice a week; 9 weeks) significantly widened the alveolar septa, increased the content of hydroxyproline in lung tissue in a dose-dependent manner, upregulated TGF-β1 protein expression, activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and downregulated the expression of long non-coding RNA Meg3 [2]. In a normal male rat model, micron-sized nickel oxide (II) (150 mg/kg; oral; once daily; for 21 days) reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) in testicular tissue, increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1β, IL-6 and 8-OHdG, affected the expression of apoptosis markers, and caused seminiferous tubule degeneration [3]. In normal male rat models, micron-sized nickel(II) oxide (20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; once daily; for 21 days) showed more significant testicular toxicity than the oral administration group, and also induced testicular interstitial edema and upregulated the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker GRP78[3]. In normal male rat models, micron-sized nickel(II) oxide (1 mg/kg; intravenous injection; once daily; for 21 days) showed the strongest toxicity in the micron-sized administration group, with irregular indentation of seminiferous tubules and a higher degree of abnormality in various biochemical indicators compared with the oral and intraperitoneal injection groups[3].
|
| References |
|
| Molecular Formula |
NIO
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
74.69
|
| CAS # |
1313-99-1
|
| Appearance |
Brown to breen solid
|
| SMILES |
[Ni]=O
|
| Synonyms |
Nickel monoxide
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 13.3887 mL | 66.9434 mL | 133.8867 mL | |
| 5 mM | 2.6777 mL | 13.3887 mL | 26.7773 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.3389 mL | 6.6943 mL | 13.3887 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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