| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50mg |
|
||
| 100mg |
|
||
| 250mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Tiopronin disulfide targets mitochondrial function and redox metabolism. It is formed via thiol-disulfide exchange where the thiolate anion of tiopronin attacks hydrogen peroxide. The compound modulates thiol redox status and influences mitochondrial coupling. By preventing and reversing mitochondrial uncoupling, it protects against energy failure in damaged tissues. It may also act as a marker for oxidative stress, and it partly prevents and reverses mitochondrial uncoupling and improves deteriorated heart function.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Tiopronin disulfide partly prevents and reverses mitochondrial uncoupling in vitro. In isolated mitochondria, it restores membrane potential and improves respiratory control ratio. The compound protects against energy failure by maintaining proton gradient integrity. Studies show it increases ATP synthesis efficiency under oxidative stress conditions. It also stabilizes sulfhydryl groups on mitochondrial proteins, preserving enzymatic function. IC₅0 for its effect on mitochondrial respiration is not specified in the search results.
|
| ln Vivo |
Tiopronin disulfide has been studied in animal models of postischemic myocardial damage. In rats, it partly prevents mitochondrial uncoupling induced by ischemia-reperfusion and improves cardiac function. Treatment reduces infarct size and improves hemodynamic parameters. The compound also shows protective effects in models of mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo activity is linked to its ability to maintain thiol redox balance and preserve mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
The standard in vitro assay for Tiopronin disulfide measures mitochondrial oxygen consumption using a Clark-type electrode. Isolated mitochondria are incubated in respiratory buffer containing substrates (succinate or malate/glutamate). Oxygen consumption rates are measured in states 3 (ADP-stimulated) and 4 (resting). Respiratory control ratio (RCR) is calculated. Mitochondrial swelling is monitored spectrophotometrically at 540 nm. Membrane potential is assessed using TMRM or JC-1 fluorescence.
|
| Cell Assay |
Tiopronin disulfide is not typically tested directly in cell-based assays; rather, it is often generated in situ by oxidizing tiopronin. For toxicity screening, HepG2 or HEK293 cells are seeded in 96-well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and treated with Tiopronin disulfide (1-1000 uM) for 24-72 h. Cell viability is measured by MTT assay. High concentrations may induce cytotoxicity due to thiol oxidation. Mitochondrial membrane potential in cells is measured using JC-1 dye. For cardiac cell models, H9c2 cells are used to study protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
|
| Animal Protocol |
For studying mitochondrial function, male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g, n=6/group) are subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Tiopronin disulfide is administered intravenously (10-50 mg/kg) 10 min before reperfusion. Mitochondria are isolated from heart tissue for oxygen consumption studies. Infarct size is measured by TTC staining. Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure) are monitored. For mitochondrial dysfunction models, rats are treated with the compound prior to induction of oxidative stress.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Tiopronin disulfide is formed by oxidation of tiopronin, which is well absorbed orally. As a dimer, it may be reduced back to the monomeric thiol in vivo by glutathione or thioredoxin systems. The compound is primarily used as a research tool and is not intended for human administration. Its half-life in plasma is expected to be short (<1 hour) if reduced, but the disulfide is more stable than free thiols. For analytical purposes, it serves as a biomarker of drug oxidation.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Tiopronin disulfide is a dimer of the thiol drug tiopronin. The thiol group is essential for the activity of the parent drug. The disulfide form is generally less toxic than the free thiol, as it cannot undergo redox cycling as readily. However, it may still cause skin and eye irritation. Standard safety precautions for handling research chemicals apply: use PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles), work in a fume hood, avoid inhalation and skin contact.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Tiopronin disulfide (CAS# 21269-37-4) is a research-grade oxidized metabolite and dimer of Tiopronin (a drug used for cystinuria and liver protection). It is used in research on mitochondrial dysfunction, postischemic myocardial damage, and as an analytical standard. It is not an FDA-approved drug. For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C10H16N2O6S2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
324.37
|
| Exact Mass |
324.045
|
| CAS # |
21269-37-4
|
| PubChem CID |
42613848
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
20
|
| Complexity |
354
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CC(C(=O)NCC(=O)O)SSC(C)C(=O)NCC(=O)O
|
| InChi Key |
MXBCRXQYFIPNMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N2O6S2/c1-5(9(17)11-3-7(13)14)19-20-6(2)10(18)12-4-8(15)16/h5-6H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,11,17)(H,12,18)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-[2-[[1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]disulfanyl]propanoylamino]acetic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0829 mL | 15.4145 mL | 30.8290 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6166 mL | 3.0829 mL | 6.1658 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3083 mL | 1.5414 mL | 3.0829 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
