| Size | Price | |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The specific molecular target of DONA is not identified in the provided texts. However, as a PFAS, it is studied in the context of binding to nuclear receptors such as the human Pregnane X Receptor (hPXR). In a computational (molecular dynamics) study, the binding free energy of DONA to hPXR was predicted using MM-GBSA calculations, yielding a value that suggests lower affinity compared to PFOA but similar to shorter-chain PFCAs. [1]
The primary toxicological target of ADONA appears to be nuclear hormone receptors, specifically the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα). Studies in rats have identified ADONA as a possible PPARα agonist, which mediates the characteristic liver weight increases and peroxisome proliferation observed in rodent studies. The target organs are species- and sex-specific, with the liver being the primary target in male rats and the kidney in females . |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies on thyroid function indicate that ADONA has minimal cytotoxic effects compared to its predecessors. While legacy PFOA and GenX significantly reduce cell viability and proliferation in rat thyroid cells (FRTL5) and normal human thyroid (NHT) cells, ADONA shows no apparent adverse effects on viability or proliferation at similar concentrations. However, like other PFAS, it does alter the gene expression of thyroid hormone regulation-related genes .
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| ln Vivo |
In acute animal studies, ADONA is moderately toxic via oral ingestion but practically non-toxic via dermal exposure. In repeat-dose (28/90-day) oral studies in rats, the liver (males) and kidney (females) were identified as the primary target organs. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Levels (NOAELs) were established at 10 mg/kg/day for males and 100 mg/kg/day for females. It was not developmentally toxic except at maternally toxic doses .
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| Enzyme Assay |
For assessing receptor binding affinity (e.g., PPARα), a typical non-cellular workflow involves a competitive fluorescence polarization (FP) or time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. Recombinant human or rat PPARα ligand-binding domain (LBD) is incubated with a fluorescently labeled tracer ligand and increasing concentrations of ADONA. The change in fluorescence polarization (or signal ratio) is measured to calculate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) or binding affinity (Kd), determining if ADONA acts as an agonist or antagonist .
|
| Cell Assay |
A standard protocol for assessing thyroid disruption involves culturing rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) or primary normal human thyroid (NHT) cells. Cells are seeded in 96-well plates and exposed to serial dilutions of ADONA for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is measured using the WST-1 assay (mitochondrial activity) and LDH assay (membrane integrity). Cell proliferation is assessed via crystal violet or MTT assays. Finally, gene expression of thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is quantified by RT-PCR .
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| Animal Protocol |
A 90-day subchronic toxicity study in rats follows OECD Test Guideline 408. Groups of male and female rats (typically 10/sex/dose) receive ADONA via oral gavage at doses ranging from 0 to 100 mg/kg/day. Endpoints include clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights (liver, kidney), and histopathology. Satellite groups may be used for toxicokinetic assessment to determine NOAELs and target organs .
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
While specific half-life data for ADONA varies, it is generally considered to have a shorter biological half-life in animals compared to legacy PFAS like PFOA due to the inclusion of ether linkages. This structural feature facilitates renal clearance. However, it is still persistent in the environment and has been detected in human plasma and breast milk, indicating absorption and distribution to biological tissues .
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicological endpoints (e.g., LD50, specific organ toxicity) are not reported in the provided references. However, as an emerging PFAS alternative, DONA is included in studies evaluating the association of PFAS mixtures with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In a Chinese case-control study, DONA exhibited a detection rate of 68.57%, with a median serum concentration of 0.04 ng/mL in the total study population (0.11 ng/mL in PCOS cases vs. 0.03 ng/mL in controls). The study did not find a statistically significant positive or negative association between DONA exposure and PCOS odds after adjustment in the main statistical models (though DONA was among the 25 PFAS analyzed for association). [2]
ADONA exhibits a favorable toxicity profile compared to PFOA. It is classified as a mild skin irritant, a moderate to severe eye irritant, and a weak dermal sensitizer. Genotoxicity assays (Ames test, micronucleus) were negative across five assays. The primary non-neoplastic effects are hepatotoxicity (in males) and nephropathy (in females). The overall evidence suggests that ADONA is less toxic than the substance it replaced . |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
- Chemical Role and Use: DONA (ADONA) is a polyfluorinated ether carboxylic acid used as a replacement for PFOA in fluoropolymer manufacturing, particularly in Germany since around 2008. [3]
- Environmental Detection: DONA has been detected in river water downstream of fluorochemical production plants, as well as in grass (0.06–0.16 ng/g) and deer liver (0.6–1.5 ng/g) in Germany. [3] - Human Biomonitoring: In a study of German blood donors from 2009-2016, DONA was detected above the limit of quantitation (0.2 µg/L) in approximately 6.5% of plasma samples, with a maximum concentration of 14.4 µg/L. [3] - Computational Binding Prediction: Molecular dynamics simulations predicted that DONA binds to the human Pregnane X Receptor (hPXR) with lower affinity than long-chain PFOA, but its binding was similar to that of PFHxA and PFHpA, suggesting it may still exhibit agonistic activity. [1] |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H2F12O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
378.07
|
| Exact Mass |
377.976
|
| CAS # |
919005-14-4
|
| PubChem CID |
52915299
|
| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid (1.739±0.06 g/cm3）
|
| LogP |
3.376
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
16
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
23
|
| Complexity |
443
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
FC(C(OC(F)(F)F)(F)F)(C(OC(C(C(=O)O)(F)F)F)(F)F)F
|
| InChi Key |
AFDRCEOKCOUICI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H2F12O4/c8-1(3(9,10)2(20)21)22-5(13,14)4(11,12)6(15,16)23-7(17,18)19/h1H,(H,20,21)
|
| Chemical Name |
2,2,3-trifluoro-3-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy]propanoic acid
|
| Synonyms |
RefChem:80841; Adona; DONA; 919005-14-4; 4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid; 2,2,3-trifluoro-3-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy]propanoic acid;
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6450 mL | 13.2251 mL | 26.4501 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5290 mL | 2.6450 mL | 5.2900 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2645 mL | 1.3225 mL | 2.6450 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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