| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Trichothecene toxins are lipophilic, thus readily absorbed through the skin, intestines, and lung mucosa. They are primarily metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P-450 and trichothecene-specific carboxylesterases, but also exhibit some metabolic activity in other tissues such as the kidneys, spleen, and intestines. Trichothecene toxins can be metabolized into less toxic metabolites through reactions such as hydrolysis, hydroxylation, deepoxidation, and glucuronidation. These metabolites are excreted in urine and feces. (L1910, L1949) |
|---|---|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Unlike many other fungal toxins, trichothecenes exert their biological activity without metabolic activation, instead reacting directly with cellular components. Due to their potent ability to inhibit protein synthesis, trichothecenes are cytotoxic to most eukaryotic cells. They achieve this by freely crossing the plasma membrane and specifically binding to ribosomes with high affinity. Specifically, they interfere with the peptidyl transferase active site located at the 3' end of the 28S ribosomal RNA, inhibiting the initiation, elongation, or termination steps of protein synthesis and leading to polyribosome depolymerization. Protein synthesis is a fundamental function of all tissues, but tissues with active, rapidly growing, and dividing cells are particularly sensitive to these toxins. Furthermore, binding to ribosomes is thought to activate proteins in downstream signaling pathways associated with immune responses and apoptosis, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase. This is known as ribosomal toxicity stress. Trichothecenes may also induce changes in membrane structure, leading to increased lipid peroxidation and inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport activity. They can further induce apoptosis by generating reactive oxygen species. Other secondary effects of trichothecene compounds include inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and inhibition of mitosis. (L1948, L1949, A2962, A2963, A2964, A2980) |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Verrucarol is a trichothecene toxin. It has been reported that verrucarol has been detected in *Paramyrothecium roridum*, and relevant data are available. Verrucarol is a trichothecene toxin. Trichothecenes are a class of chemically related fungal toxins produced by various fungi in the genera *Fusarium*, *Myrothecium*, *Trichoderma*, *Cephalosporium*, *Verticimonosporium*, and *Stachybotrys*. The most important structural features for the biological activity of trichothecene toxins include: a 12,13-epoxy ring, a hydroxyl or acetyl group at an appropriate position on the trichothecene core, and the structure and position of the side chains. These are produced by various Fusarium fungi, such as *Fusarium graminearum*, *Fusarium sporotrichioides*, *Fusarium poae*, and *Fusarium equiseti*, which can infect various grains, such as wheat, oats, and corn. Some molds that produce trichothecene toxins, such as *Aspergillus niger* (*Stachybotrys chartarum*), can grow in humid indoor environments and may cause health problems for building occupants. (L1948)
|
| Molecular Formula |
C15H22O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
266.33
|
| Exact Mass |
266.152
|
| CAS # |
2198-92-7
|
| PubChem CID |
10038552
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
|
| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
422.0±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
209.0±28.7 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.3 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.596
|
| LogP |
0.7
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
19
|
| Complexity |
461
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
6
|
| SMILES |
CC1CC[C@@]2(C3([C@H](O)C[C@@H](O[C@@H]2C=1)C13CO1)C)CO
|
| InChi Key |
ZSRVBNXAPSQDFY-OJVARPOJSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H22O4/c1-9-3-4-14(7-16)11(5-9)19-12-6-10(17)13(14,2)15(12)8-18-15/h5,10-12,16-17H,3-4,6-8H2,1-2H3/t10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15+/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(1S,2R,7R,9R,11R,12S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5-dimethylspiro[8-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.02,7]dodec-5-ene-12,2'-oxirane]-11-ol
|
| Synonyms |
Verrucosporin
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7547 mL | 18.7737 mL | 37.5474 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7509 mL | 3.7547 mL | 7.5095 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3755 mL | 1.8774 mL | 3.7547 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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