| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(S)-Atenolol competitively blocks the beta-1 adrenergic receptors, primarily found in cardiac tissue. By antagonizing the effects of catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine, it reduces heart rate (negative chronotropy), the force of myocardial contraction (negative inotropy), and renin release from the kidneys. This results in lowered blood pressure and reduced myocardial oxygen demand. The S-enantiomer is the eutomer responsible for the beta-blocking activity.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, (S)-Atenolol potently inhibits beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Competitive radioligand binding assays using [3H]CGP-12177 on rat cardiac membranes reveal its high affinity (Ki values are approximately 1.14 microM for beta1 and 48.7 microM for beta2, confirming its beta1-selectivity). Functional antagonism is measured by its ability to inhibit isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the beta1-adrenoceptor.
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| ln Vivo |
(S)-Atenolol is the active form of the drug TENORMIN. It is administered orally to reduce blood pressure and relieve angina symptoms in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. The drug reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart, making it effective in the long-term management of angina pectoris. Its effects on reducing heart rate during exercise have been well-quantified, and its selectivity is dose-dependent but decreases at higher doses.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A standard receptor binding assay is performed. Human beta1-adrenoceptor membranes (5 ug protein) are incubated with [3H]CGP-12177 (0.1-1 nM) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) with varying concentrations of (S)-Atenolol (1 nM-100 uM). After 60-90 minutes at room temperature, the reaction is terminated by rapid filtration over glass fiber filters. The radioactivity is counted, and the Ki value is calculated using the Cheng-Prusoff equation.
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| Cell Assay |
For functional antagonism, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the human beta1-adrenoceptor are seeded in 96-well plates. The cells are stimulated with 1 uM isoproterenol (beta-agonist) in the presence of varying concentrations of (S)-Atenolol (0.1 nM-100 uM). Intracellular cAMP levels are measured using a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) cAMP assay kit. The IC50 for antagonizing the isoproterenol response is calculated.
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| Animal Protocol |
In a pharmacodynamic (PD) animal model, rats are instrumented to measure heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) via telemetry. (S)-Atenolol is administered intravenously or via oral gavage. Isoprenaline (a beta-agonist) is infused to induce tachycardia. The PD endpoint is the reduction in isoprenaline-induced tachycardia. The effect is modeled using PK-PD modeling to estimate the EC50 and intrinsic efficacy, demonstrating that the dose is clinically relevant.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Atenolol has moderate oral bioavailability (~50%) and is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. (S)-Atenolol has a molecular weight of 266.34. The plasma half-life is approximately 6-7 hours. The drug is hydrophilic, which limits its penetration into the central nervous system and reduces the risk of CNS side effects compared to other beta-blockers. The drug is 3% plasma protein bound.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Atenolol is generally well-tolerated. Common side effects include fatigue, bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension, and cold extremities. Due to its relative beta1-selectivity, it has a lower risk of causing bronchospasm than non-selective agents, but caution is still required in patients with asthma. Overdose can lead to severe bradycardia, heart failure, and bronchospasm.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(S)-Atenolol is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the common antihypertensive drug TENORMIN. The R-enantiomer is significantly less potent, highlighting the importance of this pure enantiomer for pharmacological activity. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It is also known as (-)-Atenolol. The drug is used to treat angina, heart failure, and to prevent myocardial infarction.
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| Molecular Formula |
C14H22N2O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
266.34
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| Exact Mass |
266.163
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| CAS # |
93379-54-5
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| PubChem CID |
175540
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid
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| Density |
1.125 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
508ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
148-152 ºC(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
261.1ºC
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| LogP |
1.543
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
263
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
O(C1C=CC(CC(=O)N)=CC=1)C[C@@H](O)CNC(C)C
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| InChi Key |
METKIMKYRPQLGS-LBPRGKRZSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H22N2O3/c1-10(2)16-8-12(17)9-19-13-5-3-11(4-6-13)7-14(15)18/h3-6,10,12,16-17H,7-9H2,1-2H3,(H2,15,18)/t12-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
2-[4-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl]acetamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL (~375.5 mM; with ultrasonication)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline and mix well. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7546 mL | 18.7730 mL | 37.5460 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7509 mL | 3.7546 mL | 7.5092 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3755 mL | 1.8773 mL | 3.7546 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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