Procarbazine treatment (5 and 20 nM; 1 hour) demonstrated varying amounts of cell viability [1].

Procarbazine (ip; once daily; five days; 50 and 150 mg/kg) causes micronuclei in hematopoietic cells but does not raise the frequency of lacZ mutations in the bone marrow (MF) [2].

Cell Viability Assay [1]
Cell Types: L1210 Cell
Tested Concentrations: 5 and 20 nM
Incubation Duration: 1 hour
Experimental Results: Cell viability was 99.3% and 99.9% at 5 mM and 20 mM, respectively.

Animal/Disease Models: Male muta mice (7-8 weeks old) [2]
Doses: 50 and 150 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; 50 and 150 mg/kg; one time/day; 5-day
Experimental Results: at 50 mg/kg , MN frequency was Dramatically increased, and peripheral blood micronucleus induction was observed.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Procarbazine is rapidly and completely absorbed.
Procarbazine hydrochloride is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. Following oral administration of a single 30 mg dose of radiolabeled procarbazine hydrochloride, peak plasma radioactive concentrations of the drug were attained within 1 hour. Oral administration generally results in plasma concentrations similar to those achieved following IV administration of the drug. /Procarbazine hydrochloride/
Approximately 45% to 70% of a dose is excreted in the urine during the first 24 hr as metabolites.
From 25 to 70% of an oral or parenteral dose given to man is recovered from the urine during the first 24 hours after administration; less than 5% is excreted as the unchanged compound, and the rest is mostly in the form of a metabolite, N-isopropylterephthalanic acid.
Distribution studies in animals and humans using radiolabeled procarbazine hydrochloride administered IV have shown concentrations of radioactivity to be present in the liver, kidneys, intestinal wall and skin. The drug crosses the blood-brain barrier and distributes into CSF. Equilibration of procarbazine between plasma and CSF occurs rapidly following oral administration. It is not known whether procarbazine is distributed into milk.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PROCARBAZINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

---

Metabolism / Metabolites
Procarbazine is metabolized primarily in the liver and kidneys. The drug appears to be auto-oxidized to the azo derivative with the release of hydrogen peroxide. The azo derivative isomerizes to the hydrazone, and following hydrolysis splits into a benzylaldehyde derivative and methylhydrazine. The methylhydrazine is further degraded to CO₂ and CH₄ and possibly hydrazine, whereas the aldehyde is oxidized to N-isopropylterephthalamic acid, which is excreted in the urine.
It is rapidly metabolized in man ... . Oxidation of procarbazine produces the corresponding azo compound and hydrogen peroxide. Further metabolism, presumably in the liver, yields azoxy derivatives that circulate in the bloodstream and have potent cytotoxic activity.
Procarbazine yields demethylprocarbazine probably in rats; yields n-isopropyl-alpha-methylazo-p-toluamide and terephthalic isopropylamide in rats. /from table/
Rats biotransformed ip dose of (14)C-monomethylhydrazine to (14)C-methane within 3 min of injection. ... Rats produced 25% (14)C-CH4 and 3% (14)C-CO2 in 90 min. ...(14)C-procarbazine ... was less readily biotransformed to CH4. After 90 min, 4% of dose...excreted as (14)C-CH4. /hydrochloride/
The NADPH-dependent microsomal metabolism of [14C]procarbazine labeled on the terminal N-methyl group resulted in the covalent binding of the drug to exogenously added DNA; this reaction was inhibited by metyrapone. Procarbazine metabolism was also shown to result in covalent binding of the methyl group of the drug to microsomal protein upon metabolism but the extent of protein binding was at least an order of magnitude smaller than that see with its primary oxidative metabolite. N-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methylazo)-p-toluamide. The characteristics of the reactions leading to the covalent binding of the N-methyl group of the azo derivative to microsomal protein and its metabolism to form methane, possessed a number of similarities in the apparent kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax), induction and inhibition patterns indicating a common pathway of metabolism to form a reactive intermediate and the involvement of cytochrome p450. Reduced glutathione stimulated methane formation and inhibited covalent binding to protein.
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for PROCARBAZINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Procarbazine is metabolized primarily in the liver and kidneys. The drug appears to be auto-oxidized to the azo derivative with the release of hydrogen peroxide. The azo derivative isomerizes to the hydrazone, and following hydrolysis splits into a benzylaldehyde derivative and methylhydrazine. The methylhydrazine is further degraded to CO₂ and CH₄ and possibly hydrazine, whereas the aldehyde is oxidized to N-isopropylterephthalamic acid, which is excreted in the urine.
Half Life: 10 minutes

---

Biological Half-Life
10 minutes
The biological half-life of procarbazine hydrochloride in both plasma and CSF is approximately 1 hour. /Procarbazine hydrochloride/
... Half-life in blood after iv injection is approx 7 min.
The plasma half-life of parent drug is approximately 10 minutes.

Toxicity Summary
The precise mode of cytotoxic action of procarbazine has not been clearly defined. There is evidence that the drug may act by inhibition of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. Studies have suggested that procarbazine may inhibit transmethylation of methyl groups of methionine into t-RNA. The absence of functional t-RNA could cause the cessation of protein synthesis and consequently DNA and RNA synthesis. In addition, procarbazine may directly damage DNA. Hydrogen peroxide, formed during the auto-oxidation of the drug, may attack protein sulfhydryl groups contained in residual protein which is tightly bound to DNA.

---

Hepatotoxicity
Mild and transient elevations in serum aminotransferase levels are not uncommon during courses of systemic combination chemotherapy and the role of procarbazine in these abnormalities is often not clear. Aminotransferase elevations arise in more than half of patients and rise above 5 times ULN in 10 to 20% of patients. However, dose modification for serum enzyme elevations is rarely necessary. Clinically apparent liver disease with fever and marked elevations in serum aminotransferase levels without jaundice has been reported but is very rare. A single case report described self-limited, hepatocellular injury without jaundice during a second course of combination therapy and recurrence upon rechallenge with procarbazine, but not with the other antineoplastic agents being used.
Likelihood score: D (possible rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

---

Toxicity Data
LD₅₀=785 mg/kg (orally in rats)

---

Interactions
Concurrent use /of alcohol/ with procarbazine may result in a disulfiram like reaction and additive central nervous system depression and postural hypotension; also, possible tyramine content in alcoholic beverages, especially beer, wine, or ale, may induce hypertensive reactions.
Concurrent use /of local anesthetics with epinephrine or levonordefrin, or cocaine/ with procarbazine may cause severe hypertension due to sympathomimetic effects. Cocaine should not be administered during or within 14 days following administration of an MAO inhibitor.
Hypotensive effects may be potentiated when spinal anesthetics are used concurrently with procarbazine; discontinuation of procarbazine at least 10 days before elective surgery if spinal anesthesia is planned may be advisable.
Concurrent use /of anticholinergics or other medications with anticholinergic activity, antidyskinetic agents, or antihistamines/ with procarbazine may intensify anticholinergic effects because of the secondary anticholinergic activities of MAO inhibitors; also MAO inhibitors may block detoxification of anticholinergics, thus potentiating their action; patients should be advised to report occurrence of gastrointestinal problems promptly since paralytic ileus may occur with concurrent therapy. Concurrent use with MAO inhibitors may also prolong and intensify CNS depressant and anticholinergic effects of antihistamines; concurrent use is not recommended.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for PROCARBAZINE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

---

Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat IV 600 mg/kg body weight (at day 59)

[1]. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage caused by the azoxy metabolites of procarbazine in L1210 tumor cells. Cancer Res. 1989 Jan 1;49(1):127-33.

[2]. Procarbazine genotoxicity in the MutaMouse; strong clastogenicity and organ-specific induction of lacZ mutations. Mutat Res. 1999 Aug 18;444(2):269-81.

Therapeutic Uses
Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinogens
MEDICATION (VET): Antineoplastic... /it is used/ exptl, against wide variety of transplanted animal tumors. /hydrochloride/
Procarbazine is indicated, in combination with other agents, for treatment of Hodgkin's disease (Stage III and IV) ... . /Included in US product labeling/
/Procarbazine is indicated, in combination with other agents, for treatment of/ some non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. /NOT included in US product labeling/
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for PROCARBAZINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

---

Drug Warnings
Procarbazine is a highly toxic drug and should be used only under constant supervision by a clinician experienced in cancer chemotherapy. When appropriate, procarbazine therapy should be initiated with the patient hospitalized; the patient's clinical and histologic diagnosis and hematologic, renal, and hepatic status should be carefully considered.
Although appropriate studies with procarbazine have not been performed in the geriatric population, the potential for increased vascular accidents (especially in the event of sudden hypertensive episodes), increased sensitivity to hypotensive effects, and reduced metabolic capacity discourages the first-time use of MAO inhibitors in patients over 60 years of age. When an MAo inhibitor is prescribed for an elderly patient, the patient's history of depression, ability to comply with prescribing instructions, and any potential drug interactions must also be considered. In addition, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related renal function impairment, which may require a lower dosage or, in severe cases, avoidance of use of procarbazine.
Patients should be warned not to drink alcoholic beverages and to avoid food with high tyramine content, such as yogurt, cheese, and bananas, while receiving procarbazine. Patients should also be instructed to avoid use of over-the-counter preparations containing antihistamine or sympathomimetic drugs and to discuss any prescription medications they are taking with the clinician who is supervising procarbazine therapy.
Pregnancy risk category: D /POSITIVE EVIDENCE OF RISK. Studies in humans, or investigational or post-marketing data, have demonstrated fetal risk. Nevertheless, potential benefits from the use of the drug may outweigh the potential risk. For example, the drug may be acceptable if needed in a life-threatening situation or serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective./
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for PROCARBAZINE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

---

Pharmacodynamics
Procarbazine is an antineoplastic in the class of alkylating agents and is used to treat various forms of cancer. Alkylating agents are so named because of their ability to add alkyl groups to many electronegative groups under conditions present in cells. They stop tumor growth by cross-linking guanine bases in DNA double-helix strands - directly attacking DNA. This makes the strands unable to uncoil and separate. As this is necessary in DNA replication, the cells can no longer divide. In addition, these drugs add methyl or other alkyl groups onto molecules where they do not belong which in turn inhibits their correct utilization by base pairing and causes a miscoding of DNA. Procarbazine is cell-phase specific for the S phase of cell division.

C12H19N3O

221.29876

221.152

671-16-9

Procarbazine Hydrochloride;366-70-1

4915

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

384.6±35.0 °C at 760 mmHg

148.9±26.1 °C

0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C

1.529

0.77

3

3

5

16

210

0

O=C(NC(C)C)C1=CC=C(CNNC)C=C1

CPTBDICYNRMXFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C12H19N3O/c1-9(2)15-12(16)11-6-4-10(5-7-11)8-14-13-3/h4-7,9,13-14H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,15,16)

4-[(2-methylhydrazinyl)methyl]-N-propan-2-ylbenzamide

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

---

Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

---

Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

---

Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)