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| Targets |
Luciferase targets its substrate, luciferin, and catalyzes a reaction that requires ATP, Mg2+, and molecular oxygen. The reaction produces light (560 nm for firefly luciferase), which can be easily quantified. This property makes luciferase a critical tool for studying gene expression, cellular ATP levels, and drug screening.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Luciferase activity is characterized by its high sensitivity and rapid kinetics. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of D-luciferin to oxyluciferin, emitting a flash of light that decays rapidly. The total light output is directly proportional to the amount of ATP or enzyme present, allowing for quantification in the attomole range.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Luciferase is used as a reporter gene in living organisms. Cells or animals expressing the luciferase gene can be imaged non-invasively to monitor biological processes such as tumor growth, gene expression, and cell migration. The bioluminescence signal can penetrate tissues, allowing for longitudinal studies in the same animal.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro luciferase assay is a standard protocol. The enzyme is mixed with its substrate (D-luciferin), ATP, and Mg2+ in a suitable buffer. The light emission is measured immediately using a luminometer. For cell-based assays, a lysis buffer containing the substrate is added directly to the cells, and the light signal is read after a brief incubation.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays using Luciferase involve transfecting cells with a luciferase reporter gene construct. Cells are treated with test compounds, and the luciferase activity is measured by adding a luciferase assay reagent that lyses the cells and provides the substrate. The resulting bioluminescence is proportional to the reporter gene expression.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with Luciferase typically involve xenograft models where tumor cells stably expressing luciferase are implanted into mice. The mice are injected with D-luciferin intraperitoneally, and the bioluminescence signal is captured using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). The signal intensity correlates with tumor burden and can be monitored over time.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Luciferase is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 62 kDa. It is typically stored as a lyophilized powder or in solution at -80°C. The enzyme is stable for months when stored properly but is sensitive to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. For assays, it is diluted in a buffer containing BSA and dithiothreitol (DTT) to stabilize the enzyme.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Luciferase is considered non-toxic as it is a protein. However, the substrates and assay reagents used (e.g., D-luciferin) may have their own toxicity profiles. As a research reagent, it is not intended for human therapeutic use. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the enzyme and its substrates.
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| Additional Infomation |
Buterlipase α is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT00743483 (Efficacy of Buterlipase α (BSSL) in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency). See also: rapeseed oil (note moved to); rose oil (note moved to); hydrogenated rosin (note moved to).
Drug Indications Prevention of growth retardation caused by bile salt-stimulated lipase deficiency in enteral nutrition. Luciferase is a widely used research tool with no clinical approval as a therapeutic agent. It is the cornerstone of reporter gene assays and bioluminescence imaging. Its high sensitivity and quantitative nature make it indispensable for studying gene regulation, drug discovery, and cancer research. It is also used in ATP-based cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H15NO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
213.2304
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| Exact Mass |
14.109
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| CAS # |
9014-00-0
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| Related CAS # |
Luciferase, firefly;61970-00-1
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| PubChem CID |
160315322
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| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
0
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| Complexity |
0
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCOC(=O)/C=C/c1c(c(c([nH]1)C(=O)O)C)C(=O)OCC
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| InChi Key |
PUUAYGFHOHGGPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/7H2/h7*1H
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| Chemical Name |
molecular hydrogen
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~50 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.6898 mL | 23.4489 mL | 46.8977 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9380 mL | 4.6898 mL | 9.3795 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4690 mL | 2.3449 mL | 4.6898 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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