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Ketorolac (RS37619)

Alias: RS-37619; Ketorolac, Toradol, Acular,RS 37619;RS37619; Sprix, Macril, Acuvail, Lixidol
Cat No.:V1050 Purity: ≥98%
Ketorolac(Toradol, Acular,RS 37619;RS37619; Sprix, Macril, Acuvail, Lixidol), an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), is a potent and non-selective COX inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with potential anti-inflammatory activity.
Ketorolac (RS37619)
Ketorolac (RS37619) Chemical Structure CAS No.: 74103-06-3
Product category: COX
This product is for research use only, not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Size Price Stock Qty
500mg
1g
2g
5g
10g
Other Sizes

Other Forms of Ketorolac (RS37619):

  • Ketorolac tromethamine (RS37619 tromethamine)
  • (S)-Ketorolac [(-)-Ketorolac)]
  • (R)-Ketorolac [(+)-Ketorolac)]
  • Ketorolac D5
  • Ketorolac hemicalcium
  • Ketorolac-d4 (Ketorolac-d4)
Official Supplier of:
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Purity & Quality Control Documentation

Purity: ≥98%

Product Description

Ketorolac (Toradol, Acular, RS 37619; RS37619; Sprix, Macril, Acuvail, Lixidol), an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), is a potent and non-selective COX inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with potential anti-inflammatory activity. It inhibits COX-1/2 with IC50s of 1.23 μM and 3.50 μM, respectively. The (S) enantiomer of Ketorolac with IC50 of 0.10 μM for rat COX-1 is approximately twice as potent as the racemate, whereas the (R)-enantiomer with IC50 of > 100 μM is virtually without activity. Ketorolac shows inhibition of eicosanoid formation in HEL cells (COX-1) and LPS-stimulated Mono Mac 6 cells (COX-2) with IC50 of 0.025 μM and 0.039 μM, respectively.

Biological Activity I Assay Protocols (From Reference)
ln Vitro
The oral cancer cells can be successfully killed by ketorolac (RS37619) salt (0-30 μM; 48 h)[4]. In H357 cells, ketorolac salt (0–5 μM; 48 h) causes apoptosis and suppresses the production of the DDX3 protein[4]. Oral cancer cell growth is inhibited by ketorolac salt (0-2.5 μM; 0-16 h)[4]. By directly interacting with DDX3, ketorolac salt (0–50 μM) suppresses ATPase activity[4].
ln Vivo
In rabbits, ketorolac (RS37619), or 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects on the eyes[1]. Rats' alveolar socket volume fraction of bone trabeculae is unaffected negatively by ketorolac (4 mg/kg/day, po; 2 weeks)[2]. In rats, intrathecal injection of ketorolac (60 μg) attenuates the damage induced by spinal cord ischemia[3]. Mice exposed to ketorolac salt (20 and 30 mg/kg; ip; twice weekly for three weeks) have less oral carcinogenesis[4].
Cell Assay
Cell Viability Assay [4]
Cell Types: HOK, SCC4, SCC9 and H357 cells
Tested Concentrations: 0-30 μM
Incubation Duration: 48 h
Experimental Results: demonstrated inhibition with IC50s of 2.6, 7.1 and 8.1 μM against H357, SCC4 and SCC9 cells, respectively. And the normal HOK cell line did not show any cell death effect.

Cell Proliferation Assay[4]
Cell Types: H357
Tested Concentrations: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 μM
Incubation Duration: 0, 8 and 16 h
Experimental Results: Inhibited the proliferation.

Western Blot Analysis[4]
Cell Types: H357
Tested Concentrations: 1, 2.5 and 5 μM
Incubation Duration: 48 h
Experimental Results: Dramatically decreased DDX3 protein expression levels, but not completely ablated as compared to DMSO treated cells. Up regulated the expression of E-cadherin.

Apoptosis Analysis[4]
Cell Types: H357
Tested Concentrations: 2.5 and 5 μM
Incubation Duration: 48 h
Experimental Results: Induced apoptosis.
Animal Protocol
Animal/Disease Models: New Zealand White rabbits (2.0–2.7 kg), LPS endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation[1]
Doses: 50 μL ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.4%
Route of Administration: In eyes, twice, 2 hrs (hours) and 1 hour before LPS challenge
Experimental Results: Resulted in a nearly complete inhibition (98.7%) of LPS endotoxin-induced increases in FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-dextran in the anterior chamber, and resulted in a nearly complete inhibition (97.5%) of LPS endotoxin-induced increases in aqueous PGE2 concentrations in the aqueous humor.

Animal/Disease Models: Male Wistar rats (400–450 g), spinal cord ischemia model[3]
Doses: 30 and 60 μg
Route of Administration: Intrathecal injection , 1 h before the ischemia induction for once
Experimental Results: Dramatically decreased the motor disturbances and improved the survival rate at 60 μg.

Animal/Disease Models: Dramatically decreased the motor disturbances and improved the survival rate at 60 μg.
Doses: 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg
Route of Administration: IP injection, two times in a week for 3 weeks
ADME/Pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Ketorolac is rapidly, and completely absorbed after oral administration with a bioavailability of 80% after oral administration. Cmax is attained 20-60 minutes after administration, and after intramuscular administration, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) is proportional to the dose administered. After intramuscular administration, ketorolac demonstrates a time to maximal plasma concentration (tmax) of approximately 45-50 minutes, and a tmax of 30-40 minutes after oral administration. The rate of absorption may be reduced by food; however, the extent of absorption remains unaffected.
Ketorolac is primarily renally eliminated and approximately 92% of the dose can be recovered in the urine with 60% of this proportion recovered unchanged, and 40% recovered as metabolites. In addition 6% of a single dose is eliminated in the feces.
The apparent volume of distribution of ketorolac in healthy human subjects is 0.25 L/kg or less.
The plasma clearance of ketorolac is 0.021 to 0.037 L/h/kg. Further, studies have illustrated that clearance of oral, IM and IV doses of ketorolac are comparable which suggests linear kinetics. It should also be noted that clearance in children is about double the clearance found in adults.
Metabolism / Metabolites
Ketorolac is heavily metabolized via hydroxylation or conjugation in the liver; however, it appears that the key metabolic pathway is glucuronic acid conjugation. Enzymes involved in phase I metabolism include CYP2C8 and CYP2C9, while phase II metabolism is carried out by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7.
Biological Half-Life
Ketorolac tromethamine is administered as a racemic mixture, therefore the half-life of each enantiomer must be considered. The half life of the S-enantiomer is ~2.5 hours, while the half life of the R-enantiomer is ~5 hours. Based on this data, the S enantiomer is cleared about twice as fast as the R enantiomer.
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics
Hepatotoxicity
Prospective studies show that up to 1% of patients taking ketorolac experience at least transient serum aminotransferase elevations. These may resolve even with drug continuation. Marked aminotransferase elevations (>3 fold elevated) occur in
Likelihood score: E* (unproven but suspected cause of clinically apparent liver injury, largely due to bleeding episodes).
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Milk levels of ketorolac are low with the usual oral dosage, but milk levels have not been measured after higher injectable dosages or with the nasal spray. Ketorolac injection is used for a short time (typically 24 hours) after cesarean section in some hospital protocols with no evidence of harm to breastfed infants. However, the ketorolac dose an infant receives in colostrum is very low because of the small volume of colostrum produced. Some evidence suggests that IV ketorolac as part of a multimodal post-cesarean section analgesia reduces percentage of mothers who fail exclusive breastfeeding compared to patient-controlled IV morphine-based analgesia. Ketorolac has strong antiplatelet activity and can cause gastrointestinal bleeding. The manufacturer indicates that ketorolac is contraindicated during breastfeeding, so an alternate drug is preferred after the first 24 to 72 hours when larger volumes of milk are produced, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
Maternal use of ketorolac eye drops would not be expected to cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants. To substantially diminish the amount of drug that reaches the breastmilk after using eye drops, place pressure over the tear duct by the corner of the eye for 1 minute or more, then remove the excess solution with an absorbent tissue.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
A randomized, double-blind study compared standard care of mothers receiving a cesarean section delivery (n = 60) to those receiving standard care plus multimodal pain management that included a single dose of 60 mg of intramuscular ketorolac given at the time of fascial closure (n = 60). No significant differences in abnormal neonatal growth, difficulty feeding, neonatal sedation, or respiratory depression rates between the two groups were seen during the first month postpartum.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
A randomized, double-blind study compared standard care of mothers receiving a cesarean section delivery (n = 60) to those receiving standard care plus multimodal pain management that included a single dose of 60 mg of intramuscular ketorolac given at the time of fascial closure (n = 60). No significant differences in breastfeeding rates (78% and 79%, respectively) were seen during the first month postpartum.
In a study comparing standard of care to enhanced recovery after cesarean section deliveries, a fixed dose of ketorolac 15 mg every 6 hours intravenously for 24 hours postpartum was part of the enhanced recovery protocol whereas as needed ketorolac 15 mg intravenously was part of the standard protocol. Patients in the enhanced recovery protocol (n = 58) had a greater frequency of exclusive breastfeeding (67%) than those in the standard protocol (48%; n = 60).
A retrospective study evaluated 1349 women who had undergone a cesarean section and were given ketorolac within 15 minutes of the end of surgery. The results indicated that there was no difference in pain control in the first 6 hours after surgery nor in the percentage of women who were breastfeeding at discharge.
A prospective cohort study of postcesarean pain control compared (1) morphine PCA and scheduled ibuprofen for the first 12 hours followed by continued scheduled ibuprofen with hydrocodone-acetaminophen as needed to a multimodal pain management regimen consisting of (2) acetaminophen 1000 mg orally every 8 hours, ketorolac 30 mg IV once initially, then 15 mg IV every 8 hours for 24 hours, then ibuprofen 600 mg orally every 8 hours for the remainder of the postoperative course with opioids given only as needed. Of women who planned to exclusively breastfeed on admission, fewer women used formula prior to discharge in the multimodal group compared to the traditional group (9% vs. 12%).
Protein Binding
>99% of Ketorolac is plasma protein bound.
References

[1]. Comparison of cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity and ocular anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine and bromfenac sodium. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Jun;22(6):1133-40.

[2]. Treatment with paracetamol, ketorolac or etoricoxib did not hinder alveolar bone healing: a histometric study in rats. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010 Dec;18(6):630-4.

[3]. Intrathecal ketorolac pretreatment reduced spinal cord ischemic injury in rats. Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):1134-9.

[4]. Ketorolac salt is a newly discovered DDX3 inhibitor to treat oral cancer. Sci Rep. 2015 Apr 28;5:9982.

Additional Infomation
Pharmacodynamics
Ketorolac is a non-selective NSAID and acts by inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes which are normally responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The COX-1 enzyme is constitutively active and can be found in platelets, gastric mucosa, and vascular endothelium. On the other hand, the COX-2 enzyme is inducible and mediates inflammation, pain and fever. As a result, inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme is linked to an increased risk of bleeding and risk of gastric ulceration, while the desired anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties are linked to inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, despite it's effectiveness in pain management, ketorolac should not be used long-term since this increases the risk of serious adverse effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcers, and perforations.
These protocols are for reference only. InvivoChem does not independently validate these methods.
Physicochemical Properties
Molecular Formula
C15H13N1O3
Molecular Weight
255.27
Exact Mass
255.089
CAS #
74103-06-3
Related CAS #
Ketorolac tromethamine salt;74103-07-4;(S)-Ketorolac;66635-92-5;(R)-Ketorolac;66635-93-6;Ketorolac-d5;1215767-66-0;Ketorolac hemicalcium;167105-81-9;Ketorolac-d4;1216451-53-4
PubChem CID
3826
Appearance
White to light yellow solid powder
Density
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point
493.2±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point
160-161°C
Flash Point
252.1±27.3 °C
Vapour Pressure
0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction
1.659
LogP
2.08
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Rotatable Bond Count
3
Heavy Atom Count
19
Complexity
376
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
InChi Key
OZWKMVRBQXNZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C15H13NO3/c17-14(10-4-2-1-3-5-10)13-7-6-12-11(15(18)19)8-9-16(12)13/h1-7,11H,8-9H2,(H,18,19)
Chemical Name
5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid
Synonyms
RS-37619; Ketorolac, Toradol, Acular,RS 37619;RS37619; Sprix, Macril, Acuvail, Lixidol
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Storage

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.
Shipping Condition
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
Solubility Data
Solubility (In Vitro)
DMSO: 10 mM
Water:<1 mg/mL
Ethanol: N/A
Solubility (In Vivo)
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

Injection Formulations
(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC)
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80: Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution 50 μL Tween 80 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO 400 μLPEG300 50 μL Tween 80 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).
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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO 100 μLPEG300 200 μL castor oil 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10: 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol 100 μL Cremophor 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH 400 μLPEG300 50 μL Tween 80 450 μL Saline)


Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).
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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders


Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)
Preparing Stock Solutions 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 3.9174 mL 19.5871 mL 39.1742 mL
5 mM 0.7835 mL 3.9174 mL 7.8348 mL
10 mM 0.3917 mL 1.9587 mL 3.9174 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

Calculator

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In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal to make allowance for loss during the experiment)
Step 2: Enter in vivo formulation (This is only a calculator, not the exact formulation for a specific product. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation in the solubility section.)
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Working concentration mg/mL;

Method for preparing DMSO stock solution mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation:Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.

(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
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Clinical Trial Information
A Comparative Efficacy Trial of IV Acetaminophen Versus IV Ketorolac for Emergency Department Treatment of Generalized Headache
CTID: NCT03472872
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2024-11-29
NSAID Injection Versus Corticosteroid Injection for Basilar Thumb Arthritis
CTID: NCT05992883
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-11-26
Ketorolac Versus Corticosteroid Injections for Sacroiliac Joint Pain
CTID: NCT06081101
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-11-20
Effectiveness of Corticosteroid vs Ketorolac Shoulder Injections
CTID: NCT04895280
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2024-11-15
Post-Op Pain Control for Prophylactic Intramedullary Nailing.
CTID: NCT03823534
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-11-06
View More

Dosing of Ketorolac in the Emergency Department
CTID: NCT03464461
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2024-11-05


Can Single-Injection Adductor Canal Blocks Improve PostOp Pain Relief in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty?
CTID: NCT02276495
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-29
Continuous Infusion Versus Bolus Dosing for Pain Control After Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
CTID: NCT02112448
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-24
Combined Ketorolac and Lidocaine Paracervical Block for Office Hysteroscopy
CTID: NCT06653400
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-10-22
NSAID Use After Robotic Partial Nephrectomy
CTID: NCT05842044
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-10-08
Ketorolac in Palatoplasty
CTID: NCT04771156
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-09-19
Ketorolac on Postoperative Pain Reduction in Pediatric Patients With Adenotonsillectomy
CTID: NCT05074056
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-09-19
Effect of Ketorolac on Post Adenotonsillectomy Pain
CTID: NCT03467750
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-09-19
Ketorolac for Acute Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease
CTID: NCT06579703
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-08-30
Pain Control Following Total Hip Arthroplasty
CTID: NCT05062356
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-08-16
Meloxicam for Pain Management After Total Joint Arthroplasty (TJA)
CTID: NCT05291598
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-08-14
Low-Dose Short-Term Ketorolac to Reduce Chronic Opioid Use in Orthopaedic Polytrauma Patients
CTID: NCT06201676
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-08-09
An Evaluation of Pain Outcomes of Ketorolac Administration in Children Undergoing Circumcision
CTID: NCT04646967
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-08-02
Intravenous Ketorolac Administration to Attenuate Post-procedural Pain Associated With Intrauterine Device Placement
CTID: NCT05875571
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-07-31
Intranasal Ketorolac Trial
CTID: NCT06083571
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-07-24
Efficacy of NSAID vs. Steroid-NSAID Combo Post-Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty: Phase 4, Single-Center RCT
CTID: NCT06498440
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Not yet recruiting
'Doubble blinded RCT comparing 15 versus 30mg Toradol on postoperative VAS-score in ortopedic and ENT patients.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2012-10-24
Perioperative ketorolac in high risk breast cancer patients with and without inflammation. A prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2012-10-09
Comparación de la efectividad analgésica del bloqueo femoral, la infiltración intraarticular o la combinación de ambas en el control del dolor en la artroplastia total de rodilla.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2011-09-19
POST-OPERATIVE PAIN CONTROL OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS UNDERWENT ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY: COMPARISON OF INTRAVENOUS ANALGESIA AND ONE-SHOT EPIDURAL LUMBAR NERVE BLOCK.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2010-02-24
Undersøgelse af postoperative bolus infusioner ved primær hoftealloplastik
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2010-01-07
Evaluation of acute postsurgery pain management in patients who undergo inguen hernia surgery
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-09-16
A Two Phase Prospective Randomized Control Trial of Infiltrated Periarticular Multimodal Analgesia following Primary Total Hip Replacement
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2009-08-07
Randomized Controlled Trial on the effectiveness of ketorolac and tramadole in not compound fractures of child.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-06-25
Prevention of pseudophakic cystoid macula oedema with pre- and postoperative ketorolac
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2008-10-01
Undersøgelse af ketorolac i den postoperative smertebehandling efter total knæalloplastik
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-09-16
Postoperative pain relief for primary total knee arthroplasty: A randomised clinical trial of local infiltration anaesthesia followed by intraaticulary infusion compared to epidural infusion
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2006-11-21
Investigation into the effects of steroid and local anaesthetic infiltration into soft tissues in total hip replacement wounds on post-operative pain relief.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2006-10-13
Epidural analgesia vs systemic intravenous analgesia in the major gynecological surgery
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2006-03-16
Effect of diclofenac-sodium, unpreserved diclofenac-sodium or ketorolac on the inflammatory response after cataract surgery
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-06-28
Multicentre clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dexketoprofen trometamol (50 mg t.i.d.) versus ketorolac (30 mg t.i.d.) and placebo by intravenous route, as part of balanced analgesic therapy with morphine, followed by an oral dosing, in the treatment of postoperative pain
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2004-11-15
Single-blind randomized controlled trial for acute abdomen analgesia in Pediatric Emergency department
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date:

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