Flavoxate (10mg/kg) suppresses both the an initial, rapidly rising phasic contraction (phase 1) and the tonic contraction (phase 2) contractions to the same extent in rats. Flavoxate (10mg/kg) abolishes the bladder contractions without causing any change in the amplitude of the contractions in rats. Flavoxate (3 mg/kg) abolishes the efferent neural activity and the associated bladder contractions for about 10 minutes without changing the baseline vesical pressure in rats. ICV-injected (50 to 200 μg/rat) or IT-injected (100 to 200 μg/rat) Flavoxate abolishes rhythmic bladder contractions during and after injection for five to 15 minutes in a dose-dependent manner in rats [2]. Flavoxate (3 mg/kg, i.v.) abolishes rhythmic bladder contractions and the maximal intervals of voiding contractions is 7.20 min

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
It is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. 57% of flavonoid hydrochloride is excreted in the urine within 24 hours.

Hepatotoxicity
As with other anticholinergic drugs, flavonoids have not been found to be associated with elevated liver enzymes or clinically significant liver injury. Its high safety profile is likely primarily due to its low daily dose. References regarding the safety and potential hepatotoxicity of anticholinergic drugs are listed after the "Overview of Anticholinergic Drugs" section. Drug Category: Anticholinergic Drugs

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation There is currently no information regarding the use of flavonoids during lactation. Long-term use of trihexyphenidyl may reduce milk production or the milk ejection reflex, but a single dose is unlikely to affect breastfeeding. With long-term use, signs of reduced milk production (e.g., infant dissatisfaction, poor weight gain) should be observed. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
Anticholinergic drugs can inhibit lactation in animals, possibly by suppressing the secretion of growth hormone and oxytocin. Anticholinergic drugs can also lower serum prolactin levels in non-lactating women. Prolactin levels in established lactating mothers may not affect their ability to breastfeed.

Brain Res.1996 Jul 15;727(1-2):91-8.

Flavoxate is a carboxylic acid ester formed by the condensation of 3-methylflavonoid-8-carboxylic acid and 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol. It possesses parasympathetic blocking, muscarinic receptor antagonistic, and antispasmodic effects. It belongs to the piperidine, flavonoid, carboxylic acid ester, and tertiary amine classes. Its function is related to 3-methylflavonoid-8-carboxylic acid and 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethanol. It is the conjugate base of flavonoid ester (1+). Flavonoid ester is a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist. Its mechanism of action is as a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist. Flavonoid ester is a synthetic anticholinergic drug used to treat urinary incontinence and overactive bladder. Flavonoid ester has not been shown to cause elevated liver enzymes or clinically significant acute liver injury. Flavonoid ester is a synthetic parasympathetic blocking agent with antimuscarinic, muscle relaxant, and urinary tract antispasmodic effects. Flavoxel can bind to and inhibit muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the micturition reflex and increasing bladder capacity by modulating the brainstem micturition center. Furthermore, this drug has been found to inhibit the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the striatum membrane of the brain by stimulating pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, thereby inhibiting isovolumetric bladder contraction. This drug has been used to treat various urinary system diseases and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic value and mechanism of action are not yet clear. It may have local anesthetic effects, a direct relaxant effect on smooth muscle, and some muscarinic receptor antagonistic effect. See also: Flavoxel hydrochloride (salt form). Indications: Used to relieve symptoms such as dysuria, urgency, nocturia, suprapubic pain, urinary frequency, and urinary incontinence caused by cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, urethrocystitis/urethral triangle inflammation. Mechanism of Action Flavonoids act as a direct antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cholinergic organs. Its anticholinergic-parasympathetic blocking effect reduces bladder smooth muscle tone, effectively decreasing urination frequency, urge incontinence frequency, and urgency, and improving urinary retention, thereby increasing the volume of each urination. Pharmacodynamics Flavonoids are an antispasmodic flavonoid derivative whose mechanism of action is through relaxation of urinary tract smooth muscle. Flavonoids are a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist suitable for treating overactive bladder with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and frequency. Muscarinic receptors play important roles in several major cholinergic-mediated functions, including bladder smooth muscle contraction and stimulation of salivation.

C24H25NO4

391.4596

391.178

15301-69-6

3717-88-2 (HCl salt); 15301-69-6

3354

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.2±0.1 g/cm3

564.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

232-234

294.9±30.1 °C

0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.591

5.18

0

5

6

29

631

0

CC1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)OC3=C(C=CC=C3C(=O)OCCN4CCCCC4)C1=O

SPIUTQOUKAMGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C24H25NO4/c1-17-21(26)19-11-8-12-20(23(19)29-22(17)18-9-4-2-5-10-18)24(27)28-16-15-25-13-6-3-7-14-25/h2,4-5,8-12H,3,6-7,13-16H2,1H3

2-piperidin-1-ylethyl 3-methyl-4-oxo-2-phenylchromene-8-carboxylate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)