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Doxapram (AHR619, Dopram, Stimulex or Respiram) is a novel potent respiratory stimulant that acts by inhibiting the potassium channels such as TASK-1, TASK-3, TASK-1/TASK-3 with EC50 of 410 nM, 37 μM, 9 μM, respectively. It is a medication used in intensive care settings to stimulate the respiratory rate in patients with respiratory failure.
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ln Vivo |
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Animal Protocol |
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ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
AFTER IV DOXAPRAM-HCL BOLUS INJECTIONS OR BRIEF INFUSIONS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEER, PLASMA CONCN DECLINED IN MULTI-EXPONENTIAL FASHION. VOL OF DISTRIBUTION WAS 1.51 KG-1, & WHOLE BODY CLEARANCE WAS 370 ML MIN-1. ENTERIC-COATED CAPSULES OF DOXAPRAM WERE ABSORBED RAPIDLY AFTER INITIAL DELAY, & SYSTEMIC AVAILABILITY WAS APPROX 60%. LESS THAN 5% OF AN IV DOSE WAS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN URINE IN 24 HR. Metabolism / Metabolites DOXAPRAM YIELDS 4-(2-MORPHOLINOETHYL)-3,3-DIPHENYLPYRROLIDIN-2-ONE, & 1-ETHYL-4-(2-(3-OXOMORPHOLINO)ETHYL)-3,3-DIPHENYLPYRROLIDIN-2-ONE IN DOGS. PITTS, JE, BRUCE, RB, & FOREHAND, JB, XENOBIOTICA, 3, 73 (1973). /FROM TABLE/ AFTER IV DOXAPRAM-HCL BOLUS INJECTIONS OR BRIEF INFUSIONS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS, A METABOLITE AHR 5955 WAS PRESENT IN PLASMA IN AMT COMPARABLE TO PARENT COMPD & HAD A SIMILAR HALF-LIFE. Biological Half-Life AFTER IV DOXAPRAM-HCL BOLUS INJECTIONS OR BRIEF INFUSIONS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEER, PLASMA CONCN DECLINED IN MULTI-EXPONENTIAL FASHION. HALF-LIFE FROM 4-12 HR WAS 3.4. |
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Additional Infomation |
Doxapram is a member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering. It has a role as a central nervous system stimulant. It is a member of morpholines and a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones.
A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225) Doxapram is a Respiratory Stimulant. The physiologic effect of doxapram is by means of Increased Medullary Respiratory Drive. Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant with analeptic activity. Doxapram, independent of oxygen levels, directly stimulates the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors, possibly by inhibiting the potassium channels of type I cells within the carotid body, thereby stimulating catecholamines release. This results in the prevention or reversal of both narcotic- and CNS depressant-induced respiratory depression. A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225) See also: Doxapram Hydrochloride (has salt form). Drug Indication For use as a temporary measure in hospitalized patients with acute respiratory insufficiency superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FDA Label Mechanism of Action Doxapram produces respiratory stimulation mediated through the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors. It is thought to stimulate the carotid body by inhibiting certain potassium channels. DOXAPRAM...STIMULATE ALL LEVELS OF CEREBROSPINAL AXIS. ADEQUATE DOSES PRODUCE TONIC-CLONIC CONVULSIONS SIMILAR IN PATTERN TO THOSE PRODUCED BY PENTYLENETETRAZOL. ...ACT BY ENHANCING EXCITATION RATHER THAN BY BLOCKING CENTRAL INHIBITION. Therapeutic Uses Central Nervous System Stimulants; Respiratory System Agents MEDICATION (VET): TO INCR VENTILATION & DECR SLEEPING TIME IN CATS & DOGS UNDER PENTOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA, & OCCASIONALLY IN ANESTHETIZED HORSES. RESP CAN BE STIMULATED BY...DOSES THAT PRODUCE LITTLE GENERALIZED EXCITATION. DIRECT MEDULLARY STIMULATION IS LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS EFFECT, BUT INDIRECT STIMULATION BY ACTIVATION OF PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS MAY... CONTRIBUTE. DURATION OF STIMULATION IS TRANSIENT AFTER SINGLE IV DOSE & SELDOM LASTS FOR...5-10 MIN. DOXAPRAM...USED AS TEMPORARY MEASURES TO CORRECT ACUTE RESP INSUFFICIENCY IN PT WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. INTERMITTENT OR CONTINUOUS INFUSION IS NECESSARY FOR SUSTAINED RESP STIMULATION & REDUCTION IN CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION... For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for DOXAPRAM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Drug Warnings BECAUSE OF EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLLED VENTILATION & STANDARD SUPPORTIVE THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF VENTILATORY FAILURE, DOXAPRAM NORMALLY SHOULD NOT BE USED TO STIMULATE VENTILATION IN PT WITH DRUG-INDUCED COMA OR AN EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. /HYDROCHLORIDE/ DOXAPRAM IS CONTRAINDICATED IN PT WITH CONVULSIVE DISORDERS, HYPERTENSION, CEREBRAL EDEMA, HYPERTHYROIDISM, OR PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA & IN THOSE TAKING MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS OR ADRENERGIC AGENTS. /HYDROCHLORIDE/ Pharmacodynamics Doxapram is an analeptic agent (a stimulant of the central nervous system). The respiratory stimulant action is manifested by an increase in tidal volume associated with a slight increase in respiratory rate. A pressor response may result following doxapram administration. Provided there is no impairment of cardiac function, the pressor effect is more marked in hypovolemic than in normovolemic states. The pressor response is due to the improved cardiac output rather than peripheral vasoconstriction. Following doxapram administration, an increased release of catecholamines has been noted. |
Molecular Formula |
C24H30N2O2
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Molecular Weight |
378.51
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Exact Mass |
378.23
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 76.16; H, 7.99; N, 7.40; O, 8.45
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CAS # |
309-29-5
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Related CAS # |
Doxapram hydrochloride hydrate;7081-53-0
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PubChem CID |
3156
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Appearance |
White to off-white crystalline powder.
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Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
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Boiling Point |
536.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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Melting Point |
217-219
MP: 123-124 °C /BENZOATE/ |
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Flash Point |
278.2±30.1 °C
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Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C
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Index of Refraction |
1.562
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LogP |
3.23
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Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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Heavy Atom Count |
28
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Complexity |
487
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Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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SMILES |
O=C1N(CC)CC(CCN2CCOCC2)C1(C3=CC=CC=C3)C4=CC=CC=C4
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InChi Key |
XFDJYSQDBULQSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H30N2O2/c1-2-26-19-22(13-14-25-15-17-28-18-16-25)24(23(26)27,20-9-5-3-6-10-20)21-11-7-4-8-12-21/h3-12,22H,2,13-19H2,1H3
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Chemical Name |
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Synonyms |
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
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Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80: Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 :Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 2.6419 mL | 13.2097 mL | 26.4194 mL | |
5 mM | 0.5284 mL | 2.6419 mL | 5.2839 mL | |
10 mM | 0.2642 mL | 1.3210 mL | 2.6419 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
NCT04430790 | Recruiting | Drug: Doxapram Drug: Placebo | Apnea of Prematurity Respiratory Insufficiency |
Erasmus Medical Center | June 15, 2020 | Phase 3 |
NCT02171910 | Completed | Drug: Doxapram Drug: Placebo | Sedation Hypoxia | Helsinki University Central Hospital | October 2016 | Phase 4 |
NCT00389909 | Completed | Drug: Doxapram | Premature Infants Apnea | Jean Michel Hascoet | November 2006 | Phase 4 |
NCT00477451 | Completed Has Results | Drug: Inhaled alprazolam 2 mg Drug: IV doxapram |
Treatment of Induced Panic Attack | Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | May 2007 | Phase 2 |