Dobutamine has a rapid onset of action and a short half-life [2]. As the dose increases, dobutamine (0.15-20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection) results in higher left ventricular function and increased heart rate in wild-type mice [3]. High dosages of dobutamine cause considerable inotropic, relaxing, and chronotropic cardiac responses in wild-type mice [3]. Low-dose dobutamine markedly enhanced inotropic and relaxing cardiac performance in Tgαq*44 animals without chronotropic alterations [3]. Dobutamine increases heart rate only at high dosages, but is followed by loss of inotropic and relaxing cardiac functional reserve [3]. Dobutamine accelerates alveolar fluid clearance in ventilated rats by activating β-2 receptors [4].

Animal/Disease Models: Tgαq*44 mouse (heart failure model) [3]
Doses: low dose 0.15mg/kg, 0.5mg/kg, high dose 1.5mg/kg, 5mg/kg, 20mg/kg: intraperitoneal (ip) injection
Experimental Results:Low Low and high doses produced differential responses in cardiac function in mice with heart failure.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In human urine, the main excretion products are a conjugate of dobutamine and 3-O-methyldobutamine. Biological Half-Life 2 minutes

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation
There is currently no information available regarding the use of dobutamine during lactation. Due to its low oral bioavailability and short half-life, dobutamine in breast milk is unlikely to affect the infant.
◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found regarding lactating mothers. Unlike dopamine, dobutamine infusion does not affect serum prolactin concentrations in infants and adult men. Prolactin levels in established lactating mothers are unlikely to affect their ability to breastfeed.

[1]. Tuttle RR, et al. Dobutamine: development of a new catecholamine to selectively increase cardiac contractility. Circ Res. 1975 Jan;36(1):185-96.
[2]. Vallet B, et al. Dobutamine: mechanisms of action and use in acute cardiovascular pathology. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 1991 Jun;40(6):397-402.
[3]. Tyrankiewicz U , et al. Characterization of the cardiac response to a low and high dose of dobutamine in the mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy by MRI in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 Mar;37(3):669-77.
[4]. Tibayan FA, et al. Dobutamine increases alveolar liquid clearance in ventilated rats by beta-2 receptor stimulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Aug;156(2 Pt 1):438-44.

Dobutamine is a catecholamine, chemically named 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol, in which one hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. It is a β1-adrenergic receptor agonist with cardiac excitatory effects but does not cause vasoconstriction or tachycardia. The hydrochloride salt is commonly used to treat acute heart failure to enhance cardiac contractility. It has a dual role as a cardiotonic, sympathomimetic, and β-adrenergic agonist. It is a secondary amine catecholamine. Dobutamine is a β1-adrenergic agonist with cardiac excitatory effects but does not cause vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is recommended for cardiotonic treatment after myocardial infarction or open-heart surgery. Dobutamine is a β-adrenergic agonist. The mechanism of action of dobutamine is as a β-adrenergic agonist. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine with sympathomimetic activity. It is a direct-acting positive inotropic drug and adrenergic agonist, primarily stimulating β1-adrenergic receptors with less effect on β2 or α receptors. This drug produces a positive inotropic effect through β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, with minimal effect on heart rate or systemic vascular resistance. Dobutamine also causes vasodilation by stimulating β2-adrenergic receptors in blood vessels; reflex vasoconstriction enhances this effect, thereby increasing cardiac output. It is a catecholamine derivative specific to β1-adrenergic receptors. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after cardiac surgery and during dobutamine stress echocardiography. See also: dobutamine hydrochloride (salt form); dobutamine tartrate (salt form); dobutamine lactobionate (its active ingredient). Drug Indications This drug is indicated for patients with heart failure due to decreased myocardial contractility caused by organic heart disease or cardiac surgery, requiring short-term parenteral positive inotropic support. Treatment of Neonatal Circulatory Failure Mechanism of Action Dobutamine directly stimulates cardiac β1 receptors, increasing myocardial contractility and stroke volume, thereby increasing cardiac output. Pharmacodynamics Dobutamine is a direct-acting positive inotropic drug. Its main mechanism of action is stimulation of cardiac β-adrenergic receptors, while its positive chronotropic, pressor, arrhythmogenic, and vasodilatory effects are relatively mild. Dobutamine primarily acts on β1-adrenergic receptors, with negligible effects on β2 or α receptors. Unlike dopamine, it does not induce the release of endogenous norepinephrine.

C18H23NO3

301.168

34368-04-2

Dobutamine hydrochloride;49745-95-1;Dobutamine tartrate;101626-66-8

36811

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.189g/cm3

527.7ºC at 760mmHg

184-186

169.8ºC

3.347

4

4

7

22

305

0

CC(CCC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)NCCC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O

JRWZLRBJNMZMFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C18H23NO3/c1-13(2-3-14-4-7-16(20)8-5-14)19-11-10-15-6-9-17(21)18(22)12-15/h4-9,12-13,19-22H,2-3,10-11H2,1H3

4-[2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-ylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

---

Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

---

Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

---

Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)