| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
DL-Carnitine targets the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system, which is crucial for the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. L-Carnitine acts as a carrier molecule in this process, facilitating fatty acid entry into mitochondria for β-oxidation and energy production. The compound also plays a role in protecting cellular membranes, preventing fatty acid accumulation, modulating ketogenesis and glucogenesis, and eliminating toxic metabolites. DL-Carnitine has demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes and antioxidant activity.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, DL-Carnitine regulates mitochondrial fatty acid transport. It facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and energy production. The compound shows antioxidant effects and scavenges anion radicals. Carnitine has been studied for its protective effects on cellular membranes and its role in preventing fatty acid accumulation. In cell-based assays, the compound’s effects on fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism are evaluated using various cell lines including hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, DL-Carnitine has demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes. It elevates serum carnitine fractions and regulates fatty acid transport in mitochondria. The compound plays a role in protecting cellular membranes, preventing fatty acid accumulation, modulating ketogenesis and glucogenesis, and eliminating toxic metabolites. Carnitine has been studied in animal models for its effects on energy metabolism, cardiovascular function, and metabolic disorders. It is also available as a dietary supplement.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for DL-Carnitine focus on the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system. Enzyme activity is measured by monitoring the transfer of fatty acyl groups from CoA to carnitine. The compound’s role as a substrate for CPT is confirmed using purified enzyme preparations or mitochondrial fractions. Radiolabeled carnitine uptake assays may be performed to assess transport. For antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging assays such as DPPH or ABTS are used. Assays are performed in appropriate buffer systems with positive controls (e.g., L-carnitine) and negative controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for DL-Carnitine are conducted in various cell lines. For fatty acid oxidation studies, hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes are treated with the compound and fatty acid oxidation rates are measured using radiolabeled substrates. For antioxidant evaluation, cells are exposed to oxidative stress and protective effects are assessed. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or similar assays. Mitochondrial function is evaluated by measuring oxygen consumption rate or ATP production. Experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate controls. The compound’s effects on gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism may be analyzed by qPCR.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for DL-Carnitine are conducted in rodent models. For metabolic studies, rats or mice are treated with the compound via oral administration or intraperitoneal injection. Blood samples are collected for analysis of serum carnitine levels, glucose, and lipid profiles. For cardiovascular studies, animal models of cardiac ischemia or heart failure may be used. The compound is typically administered at doses ranging from 50-500 mg/kg. Animals are monitored for clinical signs, and tissues are collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis at study endpoints.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
DL-Carnitine is a small molecule (MW 161.20 g/mol) with favorable solubility properties. As a zwitterionic compound, it is highly water-soluble. The L-isomer is the biologically active form, while the D-isomer may have antagonistic effects. Carnitine is involved in fatty acid transport and is essential for mitochondrial energy metabolism. Following administration, carnitine is distributed to tissues with high fatty acid oxidation rates such as skeletal muscle and heart. The compound is primarily excreted in urine. Pharmacokinetic parameters including half-life and bioavailability have been characterized in preclinical and clinical studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
DL-Carnitine is generally recognized as safe and is available as a dietary supplement. The compound has demonstrated hypoglycemic effects and antioxidant activity. It plays a role in protecting cellular membranes and preventing fatty acid accumulation. In research settings, the compound is used for biochemical studies of mitochondrial metabolism. No significant adverse effects have been reported at research-use concentrations. Standard laboratory safety practices should be employed when handling this compound. Comprehensive toxicological evaluation would be required for therapeutic development beyond current supplement use.
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| Additional Infomation |
Carnitine is an amino acid betaine, with its butyrate ester having a hydroxyl group replaced at the C-3 position and a trimethylammonium group replaced at the C-4 position. It is a metabolite in both humans and mice. Its function is similar to butyrate; it is the conjugate base of carnitine. Carnitine is found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). DL-carnitine has been reported in Drosophila melanogaster, Schizosacchariformis, and other organisms with relevant data. Carnitine is an amino acid derivative. It promotes the entry of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria, providing substrates for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are used as energy substrates in all tissues except brain tissue. It is a component of skeletal muscle and the liver. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor in fatty acid metabolism.
DL-Carnitine is a racemic mixture of L-Carnitine and D-Carnitine. L-Carnitine plays an essential role in transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation and energy production. The compound is involved in protecting cellular membranes, preventing fatty acid accumulation, modulating ketogenesis and glucogenesis, and eliminating toxic metabolites. DL-Carnitine has demonstrated hypoglycemic effects and antioxidant activity. It is used in biochemical research and as a dietary supplement. The D-form may have antagonistic effects, limiting its clinical use. All research applications are for non-human use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H15NO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
161.2
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| Exact Mass |
161.105
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| CAS # |
406-76-8
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| Related CAS # |
L-Carnitine;541-15-1;(±)-Carnitine chloride;461-05-2;L-Carnitine hydrochloride;6645-46-1
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| PubChem CID |
288
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| LogP |
-4.52
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
134
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)CC([O-])=O
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| InChi Key |
PHIQHXFUZVPYII-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3
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| Chemical Name |
3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.2035 mL | 31.0174 mL | 62.0347 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2407 mL | 6.2035 mL | 12.4069 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6203 mL | 3.1017 mL | 6.2035 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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