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Daunorubicin

Alias: Daunomycin HCl; RP 13057; Rubidomycin; RP-13057; RP13057; Daunomycin hydrochloride; daunomycin HCl; daunorubidomycine; US brand names: Cerubidine; Rubidomycin; Foreign brand names: Cerubidin; Daunoblastin; Daunoblastina; Ondena; Rubilem; Abbreviations: DNM; DNR; DRB; Code names: FI6339; RP13057
Cat No.:V4896 Purity: ≥98%
COA Product Data Instructions for use SDS
Daunorubicin (also know as Daunomycin; RP 13057; Rubidomycin), an anthracycline analogue and a topoisomerase II inhibitor is mainly used as an antibiotic.
Daunorubicin Chemical Structure CAS No.: 20830-81-3
Product category: Topoisomerase
This product is for research use only, not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
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Purity & Quality Control Documentation

Purity: ≥98%

COA
MSDS
Instructions
Product Description

Daunorubicin (also know as Daunomycin; RP 13057; Rubidomycin), an anthracycline analogue and a topoisomerase II inhibitor is mainly used as an antibiotic. It's also a useful chemotherapeutic agent for treating tumors, particularly acute lymphocytic and acute myeloid leukemia. Thymidine and uridine incorporation into L1210 cells is inhibited by daunorubicin in the in vitro assay. Incubated cells' separated DNA and RNA are also prevented from incorporating labeled precursors.

Biological Activity I Assay Protocols (From Reference)
Targets
Topoisomerase II; Daunorubicins/Doxorubicins
ln Vitro

Daunorubicin (0-256 μg/mL, 30 min) inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA in sensitive and resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cells[2].
Daunorubicin (7 nM-1.9 μM, 72 h) exhibits chemosensitivity in Molt-4 cells and L3.6 cells[3][4].
Daunorubicin (0.4 μM, 48 h) causes necrosis and apoptosis in L3.6 cells[4].
Daunorubicin (0.4 μM, 120 min) causes ROS generation in L3.6 cells[4].
Daunorubicin (2 μM, 24 h) induces autophagy in K562 cells (myeloid cell line)[6].
ln Vivo
Daunorubicin (intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, three times at 48 h intervals.) causes nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in rats[5].
Daunorubicin (intraperitoneal injection, 10 mg/kg) causes sister chromatid exchanges in mice[7].
Cell Assay
Daunorubicin significantly inhibits the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA macromolecules when administered to leukemic cells isolated from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Animal Protocol
Male Sprague-Dawley rats eight weeks of age are employed. Two more weeks are spent acclimating and keeping the animals in quarantine before the experiments begin. Day 0: A single intravenous injection of Daunorubicin (3 mg/kg) is given to each animal. To achieve an accumulative dose of 9 mg/kg, daunorubicin is given in three equal injections spaced 48 hours apart over the course of one week. It is well known that this dosage will cause nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. As a control, age-matched rats (group Control; n=5) are injected with corresponding volumes of 0.9% NaCl. Twenty-two DNR-treated rats were split into two groups at random and given either a vehicle (group Daunorubicin; n = 12) or Telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day; group Daunorubicin+Telmisartan; n = 10). Telmisartan dosage is determined by referencing an earlier study. Commencing the day of Daunorubicin administration, Telmisartan is administered for an additional 5 weeks after Daunorubicin administration is stopped, for a total of 6 weeks of administration. Previous reports are the basis for choosing this study duration. Body weight (BW) and protein concentrations are measured on day 41 after rats are individually housed in metabolic cages for a 24-hour urine collection period. Following the completion of the six-week study period, kidney tissue is extracted from the rats and used for semi-quantitative immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses.
Rats from Sprague-Dawley
References

[1]. Activity of topoisomerase inhibitors daunorubicin, idarubicin, and aclarubicin in the Drosophila Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2004;43(4):250-7.

[2]. Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis by daunorubicin in sensitive and resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Cancer Res. 1972 Jun;32(6):1307-14.

[3]. Melanin inhibits cytotoxic effects of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin in MOLT 4 cells. Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Aug;16(4):351-4.

[4]. An effective in vitro antitumor response against human pancreatic carcinoma with paclitaxel and Daunorubicin by induction of both necrosis and apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 2004 Sep-Oct;24(5A):2617-26.

[5]. Telmisartan prevents the progression of renal injury in daunorubicin rats with the alteration of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 receptor expression associated with its PPAR-γ agonist actions. Toxicology. 2011 Jan 11;279(1-3):91-9.

[6]. MiR-15a-5p Confers Chemoresistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Inhibiting Autophagy Induced by Daunorubicin. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 13;22(10):5153.

[7]. Doxorubicin suppresses chondrocyte differentiation by stimulating ROS production. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2021 Dec 1;167:106013.
These protocols are for reference only. InvivoChem does not independently validate these methods.
Physicochemical Properties
Molecular Formula
C27H29NO10
Molecular Weight
527.53
Exact Mass
527.18
Elemental Analysis
C, 61.48; H, 5.54; N, 2.66; O, 30.33
CAS #
20830-81-3
Related CAS #
20830-81-3; 23541-50-6 (HCl); 371770-68-2 (citrate)
Appearance
Dark Red Solid powder
SMILES
C[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H](C[C@@H](O1)O[C@H]2C[C@@](CC3=C2C(=C4C(=C3O)C(=O)C5=C(C4=O)C(=CC=C5)OC)O)(C(=O)C)O)N)O
InChi Key
STQGQHZAVUOBTE-VGBVRHCVSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C27H29NO10/c1-10-22(30)14(28)7-17(37-10)38-16-9-27(35,11(2)29)8-13-19(16)26(34)21-20(24(13)32)23(31)12-5-4-6-15(36-3)18(12)25(21)33/h4-6,10,14,16-17,22,30,32,34-35H,7-9,28H2,1-3H3/t10-,14-,16-,17-,22+,27-/m0/s1
Chemical Name
(7S,9S)-9-acetyl-7-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-6,9,11-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-8,10-dihydro-7H-tetracene-5,12-dione
Synonyms
Daunomycin HCl; RP 13057; Rubidomycin; RP-13057; RP13057; Daunomycin hydrochloride; daunomycin HCl; daunorubidomycine; US brand names: Cerubidine; Rubidomycin; Foreign brand names: Cerubidin; Daunoblastin; Daunoblastina; Ondena; Rubilem; Abbreviations: DNM; DNR; DRB; Code names: FI6339; RP13057
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Storage

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month
Shipping Condition
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
Solubility Data
Solubility (In Vitro)
DMSO: ~10 mM
Water: N/A
Ethanol: <1 mg/mL
Solubility (In Vivo)
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC)
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).
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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).
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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.
 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)
Preparing Stock Solutions 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.8956 mL 9.4781 mL 18.9563 mL
5 mM 0.3791 mL 1.8956 mL 3.7913 mL
10 mM 0.1896 mL 0.9478 mL 1.8956 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

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Molarity Calculator allows you to calculate the mass, volume, and/or concentration required for a solution, as detailed below:

  • Calculate the Mass of a compound required to prepare a solution of known volume and concentration
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An example of molarity calculation using the molarity calculator is shown below:
What is the mass of compound required to make a 10 mM stock solution in 5 ml of DMSO given that the molecular weight of the compound is 350.26 g/mol?
  • Enter 350.26 in the Molecular Weight (MW) box
  • Enter 10 in the Concentration box and choose the correct unit (mM)
  • Enter 5 in the Volume box and choose the correct unit (mL)
  • Click the “Calculate” button
  • The answer of 17.513 mg appears in the Mass box. In a similar way, you may calculate the volume and concentration.
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Dilution Calculator allows you to calculate how to dilute a stock solution of known concentrations. For example, you may Enter C1, C2 & V2 to calculate V1, as detailed below:

What volume of a given 10 mM stock solution is required to make 25 ml of a 25 μM solution?
Using the equation C1V1 = C2V2, where C1=10 mM, C2=25 μM, V2=25 ml and V1 is the unknown:
  • Enter 10 into the Concentration (Start) box and choose the correct unit (mM)
  • Enter 25 into the Concentration (End) box and select the correct unit (mM)
  • Enter 25 into the Volume (End) box and choose the correct unit (mL)
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  • The answer of 62.5 μL (0.1 ml) appears in the Volume (Start) box
g/mol
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Molecular Weight Calculator allows you to calculate the molar mass and elemental composition of a compound, as detailed below:

Note: Chemical formula is case sensitive: C12H18N3O4  c12h18n3o4
Instructions to calculate molar mass (molecular weight) of a chemical compound:
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Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:
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  • The answer appears in the Volume (to add to vial) box
In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal to make allowance for loss during the experiment)
Step 2: Enter in vivo formulation (This is only a calculator, not the exact formulation for a specific product. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation in the solubility section.)
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Calculation results

Working concentration： mg/mL；

Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.

(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
             (2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.

Clinical Trial Information
NCT Number Recruitment interventions Conditions Sponsor/Collaborators Start Date Phases
NCT02085408 Active
Recruiting		 Drug: Daunorubicin
Drug: Cytarabine		 Adult Acute Monocytic Leukemia
(M5b)
Adult Erythroleukemia
(M6a)		 ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group February 4, 2011 Phase 3
NCT05939180 Active
Recruiting		 Drug: Venetoclax Oral Tablet
Drug: Daunorubicin		 Acute Myeloid Leukemia The First Affiliated Hospital
of Soochow University		 July 1, 2023 Phase 2
Phase 3
NCT02013648 Active
Recruiting		 Drug: Daunorubicin
Drug: Idarubicin		 Acute Myeloid Leukemia
(AML)		 University of Ulm July 2014 Phase 3
NCT03709758 Recruiting Drug: Daunorubicin
Drug: Cytarabine		 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Dana-Farber Cancer Institute October 17, 2018 Phase 1
NCT05832320 Recruiting Drug: Etoposide
Drug: Daunorubicin		 Oral
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Induction Therapy		 Peking University People's
Hospital		 January 1, 2023 Not Applicable
Biological Data

  • Treatment with daunorubicin increases autophagy in K562 cells. Int J Mol Sci . 2021 May 13;22(10):5153.

  • miR-15a-5p inhibits autophagy induced by daunorubicin. Int J Mol Sci . 2021 May 13;22(10):5153.
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