Topoisomerase IV
Bacterial DNA gyrase [3]
Bacterial topoisomerase IV [3]

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) (5-50 μg/mL; 0-24 h; tendon cells) induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and suppresses cell proliferation[1].
Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) exhibits potent activity against Y. pestis and B. anthracis with MIC90 of 0.03 μg/mL and 0.12 μg/mL, respectively[2].

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In rat tendon cells, Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant reduction in cell viability at concentrations ≥10 μg/mL. It induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, accompanied by upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin B1/cdc2 complex activity [1]
- Against Yersinia pestis (pneumonic plague pathogen), Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) exhibited potent antibacterial activity, inhibiting bacterial growth and replication in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Y. pestis strains was ≤0.06 μg/mL [3]

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) (30 mg/kg; i.p.; for 24 hours; BALB/c mice) provides protection against Y. pestis in murine model of pneumonic plague[3].
Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) (100 mg/kg; i.e., daily, for 4 weeks; C57BL/6J mice) increases the incidence of aortic dissection and rupture and accelerates the enlargement of the aortic root by decreasing the level of LOX and increasing the activity and levels of MMP in the aortic wall[4].
Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) (100 mg/kg; i.e., daily, for 4 weeks; C57BL/6J mice) causes mitochondrial dysfunction, cytosolic DNA sensor signaling activation, and DNA damage and release into the cytosol. Apoptosis and necroptosis in the aortic wall are increased by ciprofloxacin lactate[4].

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In a murine model of pneumonic plague (intranasal infection with Y. pestis), inhaled liposomal Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day for 3 days provided significant protection, with survival rates of 80-100% compared to 0% in untreated controls. It reduced bacterial load in lung tissues and attenuated pulmonary inflammation [3]
- In mice, oral administration of Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) at 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days increased susceptibility to aortic dissection and rupture. This effect was associated with reduced aortic wall collagen content and impaired extracellular matrix remodeling [4]

Bacterial DNA gyrase activity assay: Purified Y. pestis DNA gyrase was incubated with supercoiled plasmid DNA in reaction buffer at 37°C. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) was added at serial concentrations (0.01-1 μg/mL), and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes. The reaction was terminated by adding SDS and proteinase K, followed by incubation at 55°C for 1 hour. DNA products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. The inhibition of DNA gyrase-mediated supercoiling relaxation was assessed by quantifying the intensity of supercoiled DNA bands. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) was found to stabilize the gyrase-DNA cleavage complex, preventing DNA strand religation [3]
- Bacterial topoisomerase IV activity assay: Isolated Y. pestis topoisomerase IV was incubated with relaxed plasmid DNA in reaction buffer. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) was added at concentrations of 0.005-0.5 μg/mL, and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding stop solution, and DNA products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The drug inhibited topoisomerase IV-mediated DNA decatenation, a key step in bacterial DNA replication [3]

Cell Line: Tendon cells
Concentration: 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg/mL
Incubation Time: 24 hours
Result: Decreased the cellularity of tendon cells.

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Rat tendon cell proliferation and cell cycle assay: Rat tendon cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 5×10³ cells/well and treated with Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) at concentrations of 1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell viability was measured using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay. For cell cycle analysis, cells treated with 10 and 50 μg/mL of the drug for 48 hours were fixed with ethanol, stained with propidium iodide, and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the distribution of cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases [1]
- Bacterial growth inhibition assay: Y. pestis strains were cultured in liquid medium at 37°C with shaking. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) was added at serial concentrations (0.001-1 μg/mL), and bacterial growth was monitored by measuring optical density at 600 nm (OD600) at 2-hour intervals for 24 hours. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration that inhibited ≥90% of bacterial growth [3]

30 mg/kg; i.p.
In this assay, 20 g (±4 g) of female BALB/cAnNCrl (BALB/c) mice, 8 to 10 weeks old, are employed. 30 mice are given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) at a dose of 30 mg/kg. After receiving Ciprofloxacin for 1 hour, the mice (n = 3/time point/group) are culled at 1, 10, 20, or 30 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, or 12 hours later. After receiving DRCFI or CFI for 1 hour, 30 minutes, or 1 hour later, the mice are culled. Ciprofloxacin's short half-life and CFI's longer half-life are taken into consideration when selecting blood sampling locations. After death, blood and the lungs as an entire organ are taken for examination. The concentration of ciprofloxacin in the lung samples at one minute after administration is used to calculate the lung doses after CFI or DRCFI administration.

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Pneumonic plague mouse model: Female BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old) were randomly divided into control and treatment groups (n=10 per group). Mice were infected intranasally with a lethal dose of Y. pestis. Liposomal Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) was prepared by encapsulating the drug in liposomal vesicles and administered via inhalation using a nebulizer. Doses were 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, administered once daily for 3 consecutive days starting 24 hours post-infection. Mice were monitored for survival for 14 days, and lung tissues were collected from sacrificed mice to quantify bacterial load and perform histological analysis [3]
- Aortic dissection mouse model: Male C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks old) were randomly assigned to control and ciprofloxacin-treated groups (n=15 per group). Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) was dissolved in drinking water at a concentration corresponding to 100 mg/kg/day and administered ad libitum for 28 days. Control mice received regular drinking water. On day 28, mice were subjected to angiotensin II infusion (1000 ng/kg/min) via osmotic minipumps for 14 days to induce aortic pathology. Mice were monitored for aortic dissection/rupture, and aortic tissues were collected for collagen content analysis and histological examination [4]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Following oral administration of 250 mg ciprofloxacin, the mean plasma concentration reached 0.94 mg/L within 0.81 hours, with a mean area under the curve (AUC) of 1.013 L/h/kg. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports oral bioavailability of 70-80%, while other studies report approximately 60%. Early reviews of ciprofloxacin reported oral bioavailability of 64-85%, but recommended 70% for all practical applications. 27% of the oral dose is excreted in the urine as unmetabolized form, compared to 46% for intravenously administered doses. Collection results for radiolabeled ciprofloxacin showed a 45% urinary recovery and a 62% fecal recovery. Ciprofloxacin follows a three-compartment distribution model, with a central compartment volume of 0.161 L/kg and a total volume of distribution of 2.00-3.04 L/kg.
After oral administration of 250 mg, the mean renal clearance was 5.08 mL/min/kg. After intravenous administration of 100 mg, the mean total clearance was 9.62 mL/min/kg, the mean renal clearance was 4.42 mL/min/kg, and the mean non-renal clearance was 5.21 mL/min/kg.
Based on population pharmacokinetics, the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin suspension in children is approximately 60%. In children aged 4 months to 7 years, the mean peak plasma concentration after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg ciprofloxacin suspension was 2.4 μg/mL. No significant age dependence was observed, and peak plasma concentrations did not increase with repeated dosing.
When taken with food, approximately 87% of the drug is slowly released from the tablet over 6 hours. When taken after a meal, peak plasma concentrations are reached approximately 4.5–7 hours after administration. Bioavailability of ProQuin XR tablets is significantly reduced when taken on an empty stomach. In healthy adults, a once-daily dose of 500 mg ProQuin XR extended-release tablets, taken after a meal, resulted in a mean steady-state (day 3) peak plasma concentration of 0.82 μg/mL, reached 6.1 hours after administration. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride: After oral administration of extended-release tablets containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and a base (Cipro XR), peak plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin are reached within 1–4 hours. Approximately 35% of the dose in Cipro XR tablets is the immediate-release component; the remaining 65% is the extended-release matrix. Steady-state mean peak plasma concentrations of 500 mg ciprofloxacin daily (Cipro XR extended-release tablets) or 250 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily (conventional tablets) were 1.59 μg/mL and 1.14 μg/mL, respectively; however, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was similar for both dosing regimens. Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride
Peak serum concentrations and AUCs of ciprofloxacin are slightly higher in elderly patients than in younger adults; this may be due to increased bioavailability, reduced volume of distribution, and/or decreased renal clearance in these patients. Single-dose oral studies and single-dose and multiple-dose intravenous studies using standard ciprofloxacin tablets showed that, compared with younger adults, peak plasma concentrations were 16-40% higher, mean AUCs were approximately 30% higher, and elimination half-lifes were approximately 20% longer in individuals aged 65 years and older. These differences are at least partly attributable to decreased renal clearance in this age group and are not clinically significant.
For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of ciprofloxacin (18 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Metabolism/Metabolites
Ciprofloxacin is primarily metabolized by CYP1A2. The major metabolites, oxociprofloxacin and suciprofloxacin, each account for 3-8% of the total dose. Ciprofloxacin is also converted into minor metabolites, desethyleneciprofloxacin and formylciprofloxacin. These four metabolites account for 15% of the total oral dose. Data on the enzymes and reaction types involved in the formation of these metabolites are currently lacking. The drug is partially metabolized in the liver, where the piperazine group is modified, generating at least four metabolites. These metabolites have been identified as desethyleneciprofloxacin (M1), sulfociprofloxacin (M2), oxociprofloxacin (M3), and N-formylciprofloxacin (M4). Their microbial activity is lower than that of the parent drug, but may be similar to or higher than that of some other quinolones (e.g., M3 and M4 have activity against certain microorganisms comparable to norfloxacin). Hepatic metabolism. Four metabolites have been identified in human urine, accounting for approximately 15% of the total oral dose. The metabolites have antibacterial activity, but lower than that of parent ciprofloxacin. Elimination route: Approximately 40% to 50% of the oral dose is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Half-life: 4 hours

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Biological half-life
The mean half-life after oral administration of 250 mg is 4.71 hours, and the mean half-life after intravenous administration of 100 mg is 3.65 hours. The commonly reported half-life is 4 hours.
The elimination half-life of ciprofloxacin in the serum of adults with normal renal function is 3–7 hours. In healthy adults after intravenous administration, the mean distribution half-life of ciprofloxacin is 0.18–0.37 hours, and the mean elimination half-life is 3–4.8 hours. The elimination half-life of this drug is slightly longer in older adults than in younger adults, with a half-life of 3.3–6.8 hours in adults aged 60–91 years with normal renal function. Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis of pediatric patients with various infections, the predicted mean half-life of ciprofloxacin in children is approximately 4–5 hours. In patients with impaired renal function, serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin are higher, and the half-life is prolonged. In adults with creatinine clearance ≤30 mL/min, the half-life of the drug is 4.4–12.6 hours.
Ciprofloxacin half-life - normal: 4 hours, no kidney: 8.5 hours (data from table) /
Inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) showed high lung targeting, with lung tissue concentrations 5–10 times higher than plasma concentrations 2 hours after administration. The drug remained in lung tissue for more than 24 hours, with a tissue half-life of approximately 12 hours [3]
Oral ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) resulted in systemic absorption, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 1–2 hours. The drug was distributed to the aortic tissue, and drug concentrations were detectable within the aortic wall during the 28-day treatment period [4]

Toxicity Summary
Ciprofloxacin's bactericidal effect stems from its inhibition of topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, both essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, supercoiling repair, and recombination. Interactions
Serious and even fatal reactions have been reported in patients taking ciprofloxacin and theophylline concurrently. These reactions include cardiac arrest, seizures, status epilepticus, and respiratory failure. While similar serious adverse reactions have been reported in patients taking theophylline alone, the possibility that ciprofloxacin may enhance these reactions cannot be ruled out. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, serum theophylline concentrations should be monitored, and the dose adjusted as needed. The effects of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin were determined in a three-group randomized crossover study. This study included 12 healthy male volunteers (aged 21-45 years) and included three treatment regimens: 750 mg ciprofloxacin alone, 750 mg ciprofloxacin combined with 3.4 g calcium carbonate or 1.8 g aluminum hydroxide (all taken 5 minutes before ciprofloxacin). When used in combination with calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide, the relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin decreased to 60% and 15% of the control group, respectively. The conclusion is that antacids containing aluminum or calcium should not be taken concurrently with ciprofloxacin.
A patient who had received methadone treatment for more than 6 years with good efficacy experienced severe sedation, confusion, and respiratory depression after taking ciprofloxacin. We believe this was due to ciprofloxacin inhibiting the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, two cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in methadone metabolism.
In vitro experiments showed no synergistic effect when ciprofloxacin was used in combination with vancomycin against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus (including oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Corynebacterium or Listeria monocytogenes.
For more complete data on interactions of ciprofloxacin (35 items in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Tendon toxicity: Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) inhibited the proliferation of rat tendon cells and induced cell cycle arrest in vitro, suggesting a possible risk of tendon injury[1]
-Vascular toxicity: Long-term oral administration (100 mg/kg/day for 28 days) increased the fragility of the aortic wall in mice, enhancing their susceptibility to dissection and rupture[4]

[1]. Ciprofloxacin-mediated cell proliferation inhibition and G2/M cell cycle arrest in rat tendon cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun;58(6):1657-63.

[2]. In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Omadacycline against Two Biothreat Pathogens, Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Apr 24;61(5):e02434-16.

[3]. Inhaled Liposomal Ciprofloxacin Protects against a Lethal Infection in a Murine Model of Pneumonic Plague. Front Microbiol. 2017 Feb 6;8:91.

[4]. Effect of Ciprofloxacin on Susceptibility to Aortic Dissection and Rupture in Mice. JAMA Surg. 2018 Sep 1;153(9):e181804.

Therapeutic Uses

Anti-infective drug; Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
Ciprofloxacin (intravenous injection, regular tablets, oral suspension) is used to treat bone and joint infections in adults, including osteomyelitis caused by susceptible Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Serratia marcescens. .../US product label includes/
Ciprofloxacin (intravenous injection, regular tablets, oral suspension) is used to treat bone and joint infections in adults, including osteomyelitis caused by susceptible Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, etc. This drug has also been used to treat bone and joint infections in adults caused by susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, other coagulase-negative staphylococci, or Enterococcus faecalis (formerly known as Enterococcus faecalis), but other anti-infective drugs are usually the first choice. Although some oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains have been reported to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, oral ciprofloxacin may be an effective alternative therapy for infections caused by susceptible oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus without the need for parenteral antibiotics. /Not included in US product label/
Despite limited experience to date, the American Heart Association (AHA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend ciprofloxacin as an alternative treatment for natural or artificial valvular endocarditis caused by HACEK group (Actinomyces actinomycetii, Cardiobacterium hominis, Ekenella corrosiformis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus parasuis, Denitrifying Kydonia, and Kydonia kiuridis). /Not included in US product label/
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of ciprofloxacin (out of 53), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warning
/Black Box Warning/ Warning: Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, increase the risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all age groups. The risk is further increased in older patients (typically over 60 years of age), patients taking corticosteroids, and patients who have received kidney, heart, or lung transplants.
/Black Box Warning/ Warning: Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, may worsen muscle weakness symptoms in patients with myasthenia gravis. Ciprofloxacin should be avoided in patients with a known history of myasthenia gravis.
In four corneal transplant patients treated preoperatively with ciprofloxacin eye drops, two developed microprecipitates associated with damaged corneal epithelium. Another patient developed a large amount of precipitation at the site of a corneal ulcer. All specimens were examined using electron microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. The crystalline precipitate was pure ciprofloxacin. On agar plates inoculated with susceptible bacteria, the large amount of precipitate showed large zones of inhibition at both 24 and 48 hours. In vitro studies have demonstrated its biological activity and bioavailability. Severe and even fatal hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylactic shock) have been reported in patients treated with quinolone drugs, some occurring after the first dose. Some reactions are accompanied by cardiovascular failure, loss of consciousness, tingling, pharyngeal or facial edema, dyspnea, urticaria, and pruritus. Only a small number of patients have a history of hypersensitivity reactions. Severe anaphylactic shock requires immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine. Oxygen, intravenous steroids, and airway management, including endotracheal intubation, should be administered as needed. For more complete data on drug warnings for ciprofloxacin (41 in total), please visit the HSDB records page. Pharmacodynamics: Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone drug effective against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is through inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Ciprofloxacin has an affinity for bacterial DNA gyrase that is 100 times greater than that for mammalian DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolones do not exhibit cross-resistance with other classes of antibiotics, therefore ciprofloxacin may have clinical value when other antibiotics become ineffective. Ciprofloxacin and its derivatives are also being investigated for the treatment of malaria, cancer, and HIV/AIDS.

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Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) is a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used to treat bacterial infections[3][4]
- Mechanism of action: It exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, stabilizing the enzyme-DNA cleavage complex, blocking DNA replication and transcription, and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death[3]
- Formulation development: Liposome inhaled formulations of Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) can enhance lung targeting, increase local drug concentration, and reduce systemic exposure, making it suitable for treating respiratory bacterial infections[3]
- Safety issues: The drug may cause tendon injury and vascular wall damage, which limits its long-term use in certain populations.[1][4]
- Therapeutic applications: It is effective against biological threat pathogens such as Yersinia pestis (the plague pathogen) and has biological defense potential[3]

C17H18FN3O3

331.34

331.133

C, 61.62; H, 5.48; F, 5.73; N, 12.68; O, 14.49

85721-33-1

86393-32-0;93107-08-5;97867-33-9

2764

White to off-white solid powder

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

581.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

255-257°C

305.6±30.1 °C

0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.655

0.65

2

7

3

24

571

0

O=C(C1C(=O)C2C(=CC(N3CCNCC3)=C(C=2)F)N(C2CC2)C=1)O

MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C17H18FN3O3/c18-13-7-11-14(8-15(13)20-5-3-19-4-6-20)21(10-1-2-10)9-12(16(11)22)17(23)24/h7-10,19H,1-6H2,(H,23,24)

1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

2934.99.03.00

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)