Calcium chelator

BAPTA (0.3-30 μM; 1 h) inhibits calcium signaling in monodifferentiated NH15-CA2 neuroblastoma and glioma hybrid cells, although it can be employed to stop [Ca2+]-induced cell damage [3]. Phospholipase C (PLC) activity is inhibited by BAPTA (0–10 mM) in a dose-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner [2].BAPTA (0.3-30 μM; 1 h) inhibits calcium signaling in monodifferentiated NH15-CA2 neuroblastoma and glioma hybrid cells, although it can be employed to stop [Ca2+]-induced cell damage [3]. Phospholipase C (PLC) activity is inhibited by BAPTA (0–10 mM) in a dose-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner [2].

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A new family of high-affinity buffers and optical indicators for Ca2+ is rationally designed and synthesized. The parent compound is 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a relative of the well-known chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] in which methylene links between oxygen and nitrogen are replaced by benzene rings. BAPTA and its derivatives share the high (greater than 10(5)) selectivity for Ca2+ over Mg2+ of EGTA but are very much less affected by pH changes and are faster at taking up and releasing Ca2+. The affinity of the parent compound for Ca2+ (dissociation constant 1.1 x 10(-7) M in 0.1 M KCl) may be strengthened or weakened by electron-releasing or -withdrawing substituents on the aromatic rings. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ affinities may further be altered by replacing the ether oxygens by heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. The compounds described are fluorescent Ca2+ indicators absorbing in the ultraviolet region; the very large spectral shifts observed on binding Ca2+ fit the prediction that complexation should hinder the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons with the aromatic rings. Derivatives with quinoline nuclei are notable for their high sensitivity of fluorescent quantum yield to the binding of Ca2+ but not of Mg2+. Preliminary biological tests have so far revealed little or no binding to membranes or toxic effects following intracellular microinjection.[1]

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In cells loaded via patch pipettes with varying concentrations of Ca2+ buffered by 4 mM free BAPTA, light-induced PLC activity, showed an apparent bell-shaped dependence on free Ca2+ (maximum at "100 nM", approximately 10-fold inhibition at <10nM or approximately 1 microM). However, experiments where the total BAPTA concentration was varied whilst free [Ca2+] was maintained constant indicated that inhibition of PLC at higher (>100 nM) nominal Ca2+ concentrations was independent of Ca2+ and due to inhibition by BAPTA itself (IC50 approximately 8 mM). Di-bromo BAPTA (DBB) was yet more potent at inhibiting PLC activity (IC50 approximately 1mM). Both BAPTA and DBB also appeared to induce a modest, but less severe inhibition of basal PLC activity. By contrast, EGTA, failed to inhibit PLC activity when pre-loaded with Ca2+, but like BAPTA, inhibited both basal and light-induced PLC activity when introduced without Ca2+. The results indicate that both BAPTA and DBB inhibit PLC activity independently of their role as Ca2+ chelators, whilst non-physiologically low (<100 nM) levels of Ca2+ suppress both basal and light-induced PLC activity.[2]

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The effect of the membrane-permeant calcium chelator 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester (BAPTA/AM) on ionomycin-induced cellular calcium overload was studied in single differentiated NH15-CA2 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells. To monitor [Ca2+]i we used the fluorescent indicator Fura-2. Preincubation of the cells with 3 microM BAPTA/AM reduced the number of cells showing deregulation of [Ca2+]i during ionomycin-induced calcium influx. The calcium transients elicited by application of KCl were also severely affected by the chelator. These transients, although varying from cell to cell in shape, amplitude and duration, are well reproducible in individual cells. After incubation of cells for 1 h with 0.3-30 microM BAPTA/AM the time course of these cellular transients was markedly slowed. At 1 microM BAPTA/AM, the time constant of decline of [Ca2+]i was increased by a factor of 4.1 +/- 2.4 (n = 14) and the amplitude was reduced to about 50%. With 30 microM BAPTA/AM, the K(+)-induced calcium transients were almost completely inhibited. We conclude that intracellularly loaded calcium chelators may be used for the prevention of [Ca2+]i-induced cell damage, however, at the expense of a disturbed calcium signalling[3].

Whole-cell recordings. Dissociated ommatidia were prepared from recently eclosed (<2 h) adult flies and transferred to the bottom of a recording chamber on an inverted Nikon Diaphot microscope. As previously described, to avoid series resistance errors, the Kir2.1 current was partially blocked with 4 mM Cs+, which induces a voltage dependent block resulting in a maximum inward current at a voltage of −84 mV. Cells were accurately clamped at this voltage by adjusting the holding potential to find the maximum current, which was regularly checked throughout the recording. The control bath was composed of (in mM): 110 NaCl, 10 KCl, 4 CsCl, 10 N-Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl-2-amino-ethanesulphonic acid (TES), 4 MgCl2, 1.5 CaCl2, 25 proline and 5 alanine. The control intracellular solution was (in mM): 140 K gluconate, 10 TES, 4 Mg ATP, 2 MgCl2, 1 NAD and 0.4 Na GTP. Various buffers (K4BAPTA, K4DBB and K4 EGTA) were made up as 20 or 40 mM stocks, with the same basic intracellular solution but with K gluconate reduced to maintain osmolarity. Two stocks of each buffer were made, one also containing equimolar (20 or 40 mM) CaCl2 and one without Ca2+. These were mixed together with appropriate volumes of the control intracellular solution to generate the various solutions used in this study. The WinMaxC programme was used to calculate the free divalent ion concentration, and pH of all solutions was adjusted to 7.15. To activate reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange, extracellular NaCl concentration was rapidly reduced by equimolar substitution with LiCl as previously described using a broad-tipped (∼10 μm) puffer pipette, whilst the intracellular solution contained 20 mM Na gluconate and 120 mM K gluconate (otherwise same as control, above). Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings were made using electrodes of resistance ca. 10–15 MΩ, series resistance values were generally below 30 MΩ and were routinely compensated to >80%. Cells were allowed to equilibrate with the patch pipette solution for at least 3 min before making measurements. Data were collected and analyzed at 20 ± 1 °C using Axopatch 1-D or 200 amplifiers and pCLAMP 8 or 9 software. Cells were stimulated by a green light emitting diode (LED), with maximum effective intensity of ca. 4 × 105 photons s−1 per photoreceptor. Relative intensities were calibrated using a linear photodiode and converted to absolute intensities in terms of effectively absorbed photons by counting quantum bumps at low intensities in WT flies, e.g.

[1]. New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures. Biochemistry. 1980 May 27;19(11):2396-404.

[2]. Inhibition of phospholipase C activity in Drosophila photoreceptors by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) and di-bromo BAPTA. Cell Calcium. 2005 Dec;38(6):547-56.

[3]. Intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA protects cells against toxic calcium overload but also alters physiological calcium responses. Cell Calcium. 1997 Jun;21(6):453-9.

BAPTA is a polyamino carboxylic acid in which bis(carboxymethyl)nitrilo groups are bonded to C-2 and C-2' of 1,1'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]dibenzene. It has a role as a chelator. It is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a tetracarboxylic acid.

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Chelating Agents: Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

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In conclusion, these results provide compelling evidence that PLC activity in Drosophila photoreceptors is inhibited by BAPTA and DBB. Whilst such non-specific effects of BAPTA are rarely considered, they are not without precedent. For example, it has been reported to inhibit the InsP3 receptor with an IC50 of 340 μM. BAPTA has also been reported to interact with several different calcium-binding proteins including beta-trypsin, parvalbumin, and calmodulin, to inactivate protein kinase C and to act as a blocker of voltage and Ca2+-activated K channels. Where tested, only free BAPTA (as opposed to BAPTA:Ca) appeared to be effective in these instances; the present study is unusual in that the suppression of PLC activity was clearly related to total BAPTA. Although the IC50 (∼8 mM for BAPTA) is rather high, it is not uncommon to use BAPTA at concentrations of 10 mM or more, whilst DBB already has significant potency at 1 mM. Clearly caution needs to be exercised in interpreting results from such experiments, particularly when PLC activity is involved. [2]

C22H20N2NA4O10

564.37

564.07

C, 46.82; H, 3.57; N, 4.96; Na, 16.29; O, 28.35

126824-24-6

BAPTA;85233-19-8;BAPTA tetrapotassium;73630-08-7; BAPTA tetrasodium;126824-24-6; 480436-84-8 (cesium)

2734965

White to off-white solid powder

766.6ºC at 760 mmHg

417.4ºC

0

12

11

38

591

0

ZWSMLJACYSGFKD-UHFFFAOYSA-J

InChI=1S/C22H24N2O10.4Na/c25-19(26)11-23(12-20(27)28)15-5-1-3-7-17(15)33-9-10-34-18-8-4-2-6-16(18)24(13-21(29)30)14-22(31)32/h1-8H,9-14H2,(H,25,26)(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)/q4*+1/p-4

sodium 2,2',2'',2'''-(((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetate

BAPTA-Na4; BAPTA Na4; 126824-24-6; BAPTA, Tetrasodium Salt; BAPTA Tetrasodium Salt; Sodium 2,2',2'',2'''-(((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(azanetriyl))tetraacetate; BAPTA tetrasodium; BAPTA-Na4; 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt; tetrasodium;2-[2-[2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]phenoxy]ethoxy]-N-(carboxylatomethyl)anilino]acetate; BAPTANa4; BAPTA Tetrasodium

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~177.19 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)