| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways. A2E is a lipofuscin component that, upon photoactivation, triggers multiple cellular stress pathways including apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress, contributing to RPE cell death in retinal degenerative diseases.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is converted into at least two products when exposed to light. Among these is the hydrophilic Epoxy-A2E, which may be moved from the membrane into aqueous solutions. Unidentified hydrophobic compound is another product [3].
Exposure to light induces pyridinium bisretinoid A2E to transform into at least two products: one is epoxy-A2E, which is hydrophilic and can migrate from membranes into aqueous solutions, and the other is an unidentified hydrophobic substance. A2E induces apoptosis under blue-light-induced conditions and mediates the production of autophagy and reactive oxygen species. |
| ln Vivo |
No in vivo activity data has been reported for Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA. As a lipofuscin fluorophore, it is primarily studied in vitro and in ex vivo retinal tissue models to understand the pathophysiology of retinal degenerative diseases.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
A2E photoactivation studies: Purified A2E is exposed to blue light (wavelength ~430-480 nm) in the presence of oxygen. Photoproducts are analyzed by HPLC or mass spectrometry. ROS generation is measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA. The ability of A2E to induce apoptosis is assessed in RPE cell cultures.
|
| Cell Assay |
RPE cell lines (e.g., ARPE-19) are treated with A2E and exposed to blue light. Apoptosis is evaluated by Annexin V/PI staining, caspase activity assays, and TUNEL staining. Autophagy is assessed by LC3-II conversion and autophagosome formation. ROS levels are measured using fluorescent probes. Mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability are also assessed.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Animal models of retinal degeneration (e.g., A2E-fed or light-exposed mice) could be used to study A2E toxicity in vivo. Retinal structure and function would be assessed by fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG).
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
A2E TFA has a molecular weight of 705.93 and a molecular formula of C44H₅₈F3NO3. It is a fluorophore with light-activated properties. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters have not been reported as it is not a therapeutic agent.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No toxicity data has been published for A2E TFA in standard toxicology studies. As a research compound, it is not intended for human therapeutic use. A2E is known to be toxic to RPE cells upon photoactivation.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA is a fluorophore derived from retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin. It initiates blue-light-induced apoptosis, mediates autophagy, and generates reactive oxygen species. It is used in research on retinal degenerative diseases. The compound is for research use only.
|
| Molecular Formula |
C44H58F3NO3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
705.931443691254
|
| Exact Mass |
705.436
|
| CAS # |
1821308-73-9
|
| Related CAS # |
Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E-d4 TFA;Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E;173449-96-2
|
| PubChem CID |
154726166
|
| Appearance |
Brown to red solid powder
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
11
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
51
|
| Complexity |
1330
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C2=CC(=[N+](C=C2)CCO)/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C3=C(CCCC3(C)C)C)/C.C(=O)(C(F)(F)F)[O-]
|
| InChi Key |
ZFPRGIJSRMWZMS-KFKWWMHDSA-M
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C42H58NO.C2HF3O2/c1-32(20-22-39-35(4)17-12-25-41(39,6)7)14-10-16-34(3)30-38-31-37(24-27-43(38)28-29-44)19-11-15-33(2)21-23-40-36(5)18-13-26-42(40,8)9;3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h10-11,14-16,19-24,27,30-31,44H,12-13,17-18,25-26,28-29H2,1-9H3;(H,6,7)/q+1;/p-1/b16-10+,19-11+,22-20+,23-21+,32-14+,33-15+,34-30+;
|
| Chemical Name |
2-[2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E)-2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octa-1,3,5,7-tetraenyl]-4-[(1E,3E,5E)-4-methyl-6-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl]pyridin-1-ium-1-yl]ethanol;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (141.66 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.4166 mL | 7.0829 mL | 14.1657 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2833 mL | 1.4166 mL | 2.8331 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1417 mL | 0.7083 mL | 1.4166 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
