| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: =95.8%
| Targets |
As an endogenous protein, Cytochrome c interacts with several molecular partners. It transfers electrons to Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO, Complex IV). The reaction with isolated CcO showed half-maximal turnover at a substrate concentration of 2.5 μM for unphosphorylated cytochrome c, whereas Tyr97-phosphorylated cytochrome c required 5.5 μM. Maximal turnover for Tyr48-phosphorylated cytochrome c was more than 50% reduced compared to the unphosphorylated form. [1]
It binds to cardiolipin via two sites (A-site and C-site) and acts as a cardiolipin peroxidase. The phosphomimetic substitution Tyr48Glu decreased cytochrome c-cardiolipin binding by about 30% compared to wild-type. [1] Upon release, it binds to Apaf-1 to form the apoptosome. A mutant containing the phosphomimetic amino acid Glu48 (instead of Tyr48) was completely incapable of inducing downstream caspase activation. [1] |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Mammalian Cytochrome C oxidizes cardiolipin, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) during apoptosis with the cofactor p66Shc, and scavenges ROS under normal circumstances [1].
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| Enzyme Assay |
CcO activity assay: The reaction of cytochrome c with isolated cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was measured. For Tyr97-phosphorylated cytochrome c, enhanced signal kinetics were observed, and half-maximal turnover was observed at a substrate concentration of 5.5 μM compared to 2.5 μM for unphosphorylated cytochrome c. For Tyr48-phosphorylated cytochrome c, the kinetics were hyperbolic but maximal turnover was more than 50% reduced for the phosphorylated form. [1]
Cardiolipin peroxidase assay: The peroxidase activity of cytochrome c was measured using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to detect tyrosyl radical formation. In the presence of non-oxidizable cardiolipin (TOCL) and H₂O₂, a strong EPR signal for tyrosyl radical was detected. In the presence of oxidizable cardiolipin (TLCL), the magnitude of the tyrosine radical EPR signal was significantly less (30 ± 7% decrease), attributed to quenching of the radical by its involvement in cardiolipin peroxidation. [1] Mitochondrial membrane potential measurement: The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨₘ) under physiological conditions (80-140 mV) was measured in perfused rat hearts, intact cultured fibroblasts, neuroblastoma cells, etc., using various methods. It was noted that higher ΔΨₘ (>140 mV) leads to exponential ROS production. [1] |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Type C cytochromes are found in eukaryotic mitochondria. They act as redox intermediates, accepting electrons from mitochondrial electron transport complex III and transferring them to mitochondrial electron transport complex IV.
Multi-functionality: Cytochrome c is a multi-functional enzyme involved in electron transfer (respiration), radical scavenging, ROS production (via p66Shc), cardiolipin peroxidation, and apoptosome formation (apoptosis). [1] Phosphorylation regulation: Cytochrome c is phosphorylated in vivo in a tissue-specific manner. Four phosphorylation sites have been identified: Tyr97 (cow heart), Tyr48 (cow liver), and Thr28/Ser47 (human skeletal muscle). These phosphorylations inhibit respiration and affect apoptosis. [1] Cardiolipin oxidation: During apoptosis, cardiolipin (normally in the inner mitochondrial membrane) translocates to the outer membrane. Cytochrome c binds to cardiolipin via the C-site (involving Phe10 and Tyr97) and, in the presence of H₂O₂, catalyzes its oxidation. This oxidation decreases the affinity between cardiolipin and cytochrome c, facilitating its release. Tyr67 is identified as the major contributor to the peroxidase activity. [1] Therapeutic potential: In a mouse model of sepsis, intravenous injection of exogenous cytochrome c improved mitochondrial function and increased survival from 15% (controls) to about 50%. Injected cytochrome c was taken up into cardiomyocytes. The mechanism may involve cell-penetrating peptide epitopes in cytochrome c. [1] Isoforms: A testis-specific isoform of cytochrome c (T-Cytc) exists in rodents (but is a pseudogene in humans). T-Cytc shows a three-fold increased H₂O₂ reduction activity and about a four-fold increased apoptotic activity compared to the somatic isoform. [1] |
| Molecular Weight |
13000 (average)
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|---|---|
| CAS # |
9007-43-6
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| PubChem CID |
16057918
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| Appearance |
Brown to reddish brown solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
1323.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
300ºC
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| Flash Point |
754.2ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
14
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
16
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| Heavy Atom Count |
59
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| Complexity |
1420
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC1=C(C2=CC3=C(C(=C([N-]3)C=C4C(=C(C(=N4)C=C5C(=C(C(=N5)C=C1[N-]2)C)C(C)SCC(C(=O)NC)N)C)C(C)SCC(C(=O)NC)N)C)CCC(=O)O)CCC(=O)O.[Fe+2]
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| InChi Key |
WFVBWSTZNVJEAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C42H54N8O6S2.Fe/c1-19-25(9-11-37(51)52)33-16-34-26(10-12-38(53)54)20(2)30(48-34)14-35-40(24(6)58-18-28(44)42(56)46-8)22(4)32(50-35)15-36-39(21(3)31(49-36)13-29(19)47-33)23(5)57-17-27(43)41(55)45-7;/h13-16,23-24,27-28H,9-12,17-18,43-44H2,1-8H3,(H6,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56);/q;+2/p-2
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| Chemical Name |
3-[8,13-bis[1-[2-amino-3-(methylamino)-3-oxopropyl]sulfanylethyl]-18-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,7,12,17-tetramethylporphyrin-21,24-diid-2-yl]propanoic acid;iron(2+)
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| Synonyms |
9007-43-6; Cytochrome C [JAN]; Cytochrome C (JAN); Myohematin; Cromoci;
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : 100 mg/mL
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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