| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Not applicable. As a stable isotope-labeled biochemical, this compound has no distinct pharmacological target. It is an analytical standard. Unlabeled citric acid is a metabolic intermediate and chelating agent. This labeled version is used for tracing metabolic pathways, where it is processed by the same enzymes as unlabeled citrate in the Krebs cycle (e.g., citrate synthase, aconitase).
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| ln Vitro |
Drug compounds have included stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, mostly as quantitative tracers while the drugs were being developed. Because deuteration may have an effect on a drug's pharmacokinetics and metabolic properties, it is a cause for concern [1].
Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M and S phases in HaCaT cells. It also causes oxidative damage in the liver by decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. As a labeled tracer, citric acid-13C3 is expected to behave identically to unlabeled citric acid in these assays, but its biological activity is not the primary focus of its use as a standard. |
| ln Vivo |
Citric acid can cause renal toxicity in mice by decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity. As an internal standard, the 13C-labeled form is used in metabolic flux studies to trace the central carbon metabolism in vivo. It can be administered to animals to follow its incorporation into downstream metabolites like alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, and malate via LC-MS.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Cellular enzymes and pathways. For cell-free assays, the compound is used as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS. A typical protocol involves preparing a calibration curve of unlabeled citric acid (target analyte) in blank matrix, with a fixed concentration (e.g., 100 ng/mL) of citric acid-13C3 added to each standard, control, and sample. The analyte-to-internal standard peak area ratio is used for quantification. No specific receptor binding studies are applicable.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell culture studies, citric acid-13C3 can be used as a metabolic tracer. HaCaT cells or cancer cell lines are cultured in medium supplemented with 5-25 mM citric acid-13C3 for 1-48 hours. At the end of the experiment, polar metabolites are extracted from the cell pellet using 80% methanol, and the cellular metabolites (citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate) are analyzed by LC-HRMS. The mass shift from the 13C label allows tracking of how citrate is processed in the cell.
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| Animal Protocol |
In metabolic flux studies, citric acid-13C3 is typically administered to mice via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (e.g., 100-500 mg/kg) or through the diet. Blood and tissues (liver, kidney) are collected at various time points (15 min to 24 hours). Metabolites are extracted from the samples, and the 13C-labeling pattern in key Krebs cycle intermediates is analyzed by LC-MS/MS or NMR. This allows the calculation of metabolic flux rates through different pathways. Alternatively, it is used in the development of LC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of citrate in biological samples, where it serves as an internal standard to correct for matrix effects and instrument variability.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Citric acid-13C3 (labeled with 13C on three carbon atoms) has the same absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties as unlabeled citric acid. Citrate is a small polar molecule that is not highly protein-bound and is freely filtered by the kidneys. It is a key intermediate of the Krebs cycle and will be metabolized by cells. Exogenously administered citrate can be a major energy source for many cells and tissues. The metabolic fate can be determined by tracking the 13C atoms.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Citric acid (and its labeled form) is generally recognized as safe by the FDA for use as a food additive. However, at high therapeutic doses, it can cause significant adverse effects. Citric acid has been shown to induce oxidative damage in the liver and renal toxicity in mice. In humans, high-dose citrate can cause severe metabolic alkalosis and hypocalcemia. The labeled analog has the same safety profile. It is a chemical intermediate and potential irritant.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Citric acid-13C3 is a stable isotope-labeled biochemical primarily used as an internal standard for the quantitation of citric acid in biological samples using mass spectrometry. It is also used as a tracer for metabolic studies. Its molecular formula is C3¹3C3H₈O₇, and it has a molecular weight of 195.10 g/mol (compared to 192.12 g/mol for unlabeled citric acid). It is a high-purity (>98%) analytical chemistry reagent.
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| Molecular Formula |
C313C3H8O7
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
195.10
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| Exact Mass |
195.037
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| CAS # |
302912-06-7
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| Related CAS # |
Citric acid;77-92-9
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| PubChem CID |
10313505
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.762g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.575
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| LogP |
-1.7
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
227
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-CQDYUVAPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/i3+1,4+1
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| Chemical Name |
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.1256 mL | 25.6279 mL | 51.2558 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0251 mL | 5.1256 mL | 10.2512 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5126 mL | 2.5628 mL | 5.1256 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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