| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| Targets |
(±)-Alliin targets the main protease (Mpro, also known as 3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Mpro is a cysteine protease essential for viral replication, as it cleaves the viral polyprotein into functional proteins. (±)-Alliin has been identified as a putative inhibitor of Mpro through molecular docking studies, suggesting that it may bind to the active site of the enzyme and prevent its proteolytic activity. The compound may also interact with other targets involved in garlic's biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. As a cysteine derivative, alliin may modulate cellular redox status and influence various signaling pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
Molecular docking is utilized to evaluate the stability of drug binding between different medicines and SARS-CoV-2 major protease (Mpro). (±)-Alliin has been observed to interact with SARS-CoV Mpro at Leu-167, Met-49, and Glu-166 through three H-bonds; for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, the docking sites of (±)-Alliin are Cys-145, Met-49, and Glu-166 through three H-bonds[1].
In vitro studies of (±)-alliin have focused on its antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking studies have shown that (±)-alliin binds to the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) with favorable binding energy, suggesting it may inhibit viral replication. (±)-Alliin has also been studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The compound exhibits free radical scavenging activity and may protect cells from oxidative stress. In cell-based assays, alliin has been shown to modulate inflammatory responses and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The compound's in vitro activities are consistent with the known biological effects of garlic and its sulfur-containing constituents. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of (±)-alliin are limited, as the compound is primarily used as a research reagent. However, garlic and its components, including alliin, have been studied in animal models for various health benefits. Alliin has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects in rodent models. The compound may also have immunomodulatory effects, enhancing immune function and protecting against infections. In vivo studies have demonstrated that alliin can reduce oxidative stress markers, improve lipid profiles, and modulate inflammatory responses. The compound's bioavailability and metabolism in vivo would determine its efficacy, although detailed pharmacokinetic studies are limited.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for (±)-alliin involve testing its inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The assay uses recombinant Mpro enzyme and a fluorogenic peptide substrate that mimics the viral cleavage site. The enzyme is incubated with the substrate and varying concentrations of (±)-alliin. The cleavage of the substrate by Mpro results in an increase in fluorescence, which is measured over time. The inhibition of enzyme activity is expressed as the IC50. Positive controls (known Mpro inhibitors such as GC376) and negative controls (vehicle only) are included. Molecular docking studies are also performed to predict the binding mode of alliin to the Mpro active site.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for (±)-alliin are performed using SARS-CoV-2-susceptible cell lines (e.g., Vero E6 or Calu-3 cells) to assess antiviral activity. Cells are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with various concentrations of the compound (typically 1-100 μM). Viral replication is measured by plaque reduction assay, qRT-PCR for viral RNA, or by quantifying viral antigens. The EC50 (concentration reducing viral replication by 50%) is determined. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or LDH release assays to determine the CC50 and selectivity index (SI = CC50/EC50). The compound's effects on cytokine production and inflammatory responses are also assessed in infected cells by measuring cytokine levels in the culture supernatant.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with (±)-alliin are conducted in rodent models to assess its antiviral, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory effects. For antiviral studies, SARS-CoV-2-infected animal models (e.g., hACE2 transgenic mice) could be used, although such studies are not extensively reported. For antioxidant and anti-inflammatory studies, rodents are administered alliin orally or intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 10 to 200 mg/kg. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (e.g., malondialdehyde, glutathione) and inflammation (e.g., cytokines, NF-κB activation) are measured in tissues and serum. Histopathological analysis is performed to assess tissue damage. The compound's efficacy is compared to vehicle controls and positive controls (e.g., known antioxidants).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of (±)-alliin have been studied to some extent. Following oral administration, alliin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to various tissues. The compound is metabolized in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted in the urine. Alliin is converted to allicin by the enzyme alliinase, which is released when garlic is crushed, but in the intact plant or in formulated products, alliin is stable. The bioavailability of alliin depends on the formulation and the presence of alliinase activity. In pharmacokinetic studies, alliin has been detected in plasma and tissues after oral administration, with peak concentrations reached within 1-2 hours. The half-life of alliin is relatively short, and the compound is rapidly cleared from the circulation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(±)-Alliin is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, consistent with its presence in garlic, a common food ingredient. Garlic and its components have been consumed for centuries with a long history of safe use. However, high doses of alliin or garlic extracts may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, flatulence, and diarrhea. Allergic reactions to garlic are rare but can occur. The compound may interact with anticoagulant medications due to its antiplatelet effects. As a research chemical, standard safety precautions should be followed when handling (±)-alliin. The compound is for research use only and not for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
3-(allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine is an L-α-amino acid. Allicin has been reported in Allium ursinum, Allium ampeloprasum, and other organisms for which data are available. See also: Allicin (note moved to).
(±)-Alliin is the racemic form of alliin, the major sulfur-containing compound in garlic. When garlic is crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin to allicin, which is responsible for garlic's characteristic odor and many of its biological activities. Allicin is unstable and rapidly decomposes into various sulfur compounds, including diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, and ajoene, which contribute to garlic's health benefits. Garlic has been used traditionally for its antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and immune-enhancing properties. Modern research has investigated the potential of garlic and its constituents for various health applications, including cardiovascular disease prevention, cancer chemoprevention, and antimicrobial therapy. The identification of (±)-alliin as a putative SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor has generated interest in its potential as an antiviral agent, although further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy. (±)-Alliin is available as a research reagent for biochemical and antiviral studies. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H11NO3S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
177.22
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| Exact Mass |
177.045
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| CAS # |
17795-26-5
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| PubChem CID |
87310
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| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
416.1±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
205.5±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.579
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| LogP |
-0.48
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
181
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C=CCS(=O)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
XUHLIQGRKRUKPH-ITZCMCNPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H11NO3S/c1-2-3-11(10)4-5(7)6(8)9/h2,5H,1,3-4,7H2,(H,8,9)/t5-,11?/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-amino-3-prop-2-enylsulfinylpropanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : 125 mg/mL (705.34 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.6427 mL | 28.2135 mL | 56.4270 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1285 mL | 5.6427 mL | 11.2854 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5643 mL | 2.8214 mL | 5.6427 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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