| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
The primary targets of 3-Hydroxykynurenine include the kynurenine pathway enzymes, such as kynureninase and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. It is a substrate for kynureninase, which converts it to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. The compound also acts as a free radical generator, contributing to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in certain conditions. It has been shown to modulate immune responses and exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the context. |
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| ln Vitro |
3-Hydroxykynurenine-induced neuronal cell death demonstrates a number of apoptotic traits [1]. 3-Hydroxykynurenine is a byproduct of the primary tryptophan (Trp) metabolic pathway, the kynurenine pathway [1]. 3. Under pathological circumstances, 3-hydroxykynurenine functions as an endogenous neurotoxic in the brain [1]. 3-With an IC50 of roughly 70 μM, hydroxykynurenine (20-100 μM) strongly suppresses CD4+ T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner[2]. 3. Significant CD4+ T cell-mediated cell death is induced in a dose-dependent manner by hydroxykynurenine (20–100 μM) [2].
In vitro, 3-Hydroxykynurenine has been shown to induce oxidative stress in various cell types by generating reactive oxygen species. It can cause cytotoxicity and apoptosis in neuronal cells, contributing to neurodegenerative processes. At lower concentrations, it may have immunomodulatory effects, influencing cytokine production and T cell function. The compound is also a precursor to xanthurenic acid, which has been studied for its role in insulin secretion. |
| ln Vivo |
3-Hydroxykynurenine (560 mg/kg IP daily on days 1 to 7, 7 to 14, or 1 to 14) caused graft survival to be considerably extended on days 1 through 7 and on days 7 through 14 [2].
In vivo, 3-Hydroxykynurenine is a normal metabolite found in the blood and tissues. Its levels are elevated in certain disease states, such as inflammation, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and other neurological disorders. However, detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are limited, as it is an endogenous metabolite. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for 3-Hydroxykynurenine typically involve measuring its conversion to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by kynureninase. Enzyme activity is assessed using HPLC or spectrophotometric methods. The compound's ability to generate ROS is measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA in cell-free or cellular systems. The compound is often tested at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µM.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Proliferation Assay[2]
Cell Types: CD3/CD28 bead-stimulated CD4+ T cells Tested Concentrations: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μM Incubation Duration: 72 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Dramatically inhibited CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of approximately 70 μM. In vitro cellular assays for 3-Hydroxykynurenine involve testing its effects on neuronal and immune cells. Neuronal cells are treated with the compound, and cell viability, ROS levels, and apoptosis are assessed. Immune cells are treated, and cytokine production and proliferation are measured. The compound shows concentration-dependent effects, with higher concentrations causing toxicity and lower concentrations modulating immune responses. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: BALB/c (H2d) mice[2]
Doses: 560 mg/kg Route of Administration: IP injection Experimental Results: There was significant prolongation of graft survival in all treatment groups in comparison to the controls. In vivo animal studies for 3-Hydroxykynurenine are often conducted in models of neurodegenerative diseases or inflammation. Animals are administered the compound via intracerebroventricular or peripheral injection, and behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological endpoints are assessed. However, because it is an endogenous metabolite, studies often focus on measuring its levels rather than administering it exogenously. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
3-Hydroxykynurenine has a molecular formula of C10H12N2O3 and a molecular weight of 208.21. It appears as a solid powder with a purity of typically ≥95%. It is soluble in water and DMSO. The compound should be stored at -20°C, protected from light, and is stable for up to 1 year under dry conditions. It is intended for research use only and is not for human consumption.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of 3-Hydroxykynurenine is associated with its ability to generate oxidative stress and induce neurotoxicity. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As a natural metabolite, it is generally well-tolerated at physiological levels, but elevated levels can be toxic. Standard toxicity studies are not applicable, as it is an endogenous compound.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
3-Hydroxykynurenine is a hydroxykynurenine, meaning kynurenine with a hydroxyl group replaced at the 3-position. It is a human metabolite. 3-Hydroxykynurenine has been reported in Eremothecium ashbyi, Euglena gracilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and relevant data are available for reference.
3-Hydroxykynurenine (CAS 484-78-6) is a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. It has a molecular formula of C10H12N2O3 and a molecular weight of 208.21. The compound is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of xanthurenic acid and quinolinic acid. It has been studied for its roles in neurotransmission, immune modulation, and oxidative stress. It induces ROS generation and neurotoxicity at high concentrations. It is intended for research use only and is not approved for clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H12N2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
224.21
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| Exact Mass |
224.08
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| CAS # |
484-78-6
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| Related CAS # |
3-Hydroxykynurenine-13C3,15N;2267306-16-9
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| PubChem CID |
89
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.461g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
519.3ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
217 °C
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| Flash Point |
267.9ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.49E-12mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.635
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| LogP |
1.24
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
282
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
VCKPUUFAIGNJHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12N2O4/c11-6(10(15)16)4-8(14)5-2-1-3-7(13)9(5)12/h1-3,6,13H,4,11-12H2,(H,15,16)
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| Chemical Name |
2-amino-4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
1M HCl : 33.33 mg/mL (148.66 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.4601 mL | 22.3005 mL | 44.6010 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8920 mL | 4.4601 mL | 8.9202 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4460 mL | 2.2301 mL | 4.4601 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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