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| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
The primary biological target of dATP is DNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis. dATP serves as a substrate for DNA polymerases during DNA replication, where it is incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA strand complementary to the template thymine residue. Additionally, dATP is a substrate for reverse transcriptases in retroviruses. The nucleotide also functions as a substrate for various other enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism, including terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and DNA repair enzymes. |
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| ln Vitro |
dATP exhibits potent in vitro activity as a substrate for DNA polymerases in cell-free systems. In polymerase chain reaction (PCR), dATP is incorporated into amplified DNA products at concentrations typically ranging from 200-400 μM. The nucleotide supports efficient DNA synthesis with incorporation rates dependent on the specific DNA polymerase used. dATP also serves as a substrate in DNA sequencing reactions, cDNA synthesis, DNA labeling, and various nucleic acid amplification technologies including LAMP-PCR and MDA.
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| ln Vivo |
dATP is an endogenous metabolite present in all living cells and does not function as a drug with direct cellular activity. In cell culture applications, dATP is typically not added exogenously as cells synthesize their own nucleotide pools through de novo and salvage pathways. However, dATP can be supplied in cell-free systems for in vitro DNA synthesis reactions. In cellular contexts, dATP levels are tightly regulated to ensure proper DNA replication fidelity, and imbalances in dATP pools can lead to mutagenesis and genomic instability.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Standard in vitro assays for dATP involve its use as a substrate in DNA polymerase reactions. In PCR, dATP is typically included at 200 μM each of the four dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) in a reaction buffer containing 10-50 mM KCl, 1.5-2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.01% gelatin or BSA, and 0.2 μM each primer, with 1-2.5 units of DNA polymerase. The reaction is subjected to thermal cycling: 94°C denaturation for 30 seconds, 55-65°C annealing for 30 seconds, and 72°C extension for 1 minute per kb, repeated for 25-40 cycles. In DNA sequencing, dATP is included along with dideoxy chain terminators for Sanger sequencing.
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| Cell Assay |
In cell culture, dATP is typically not added to media as cells synthesize their own nucleotides. However, dATP can be used in cell-based assays to study nucleotide metabolism. Cells are cultured in appropriate media (e.g., DMEM with 10% FBS) and treated with inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis. Intracellular dATP levels can be measured by HPLC or LC-MS/MS after extraction. The effect of dATP on cellular functions can be assessed by modulating its intracellular concentration through the use of nucleoside transporters or by inhibiting enzymes involved in its synthesis or degradation.
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| Animal Protocol |
dATP is a natural metabolite and is not administered as a drug in animal studies. However, radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled dATP can be used in animal studies to track DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Typical protocols involve administration of labeled dATP (e.g., [3H]-dATP) via intravenous injection in mice at doses of 50-200 mg/kg. Tissues are harvested at various time points (1-24 hours) and analyzed for incorporation into DNA by scintillation counting or autoradiography.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Organophosphate metabolism primarily occurs through oxidation, esterase hydrolysis, and reactions with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphate pesticides can produce moderately toxic products. Generally, thiophosphates themselves are not directly toxic and require oxidative metabolism to be converted into proximal toxins. Products produced by glutathione transferase reactions are generally less toxic. Paraoxygenase (PON1) is a key enzyme in organophosphate metabolism. PON1 can inactivate certain organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes active metabolites in various organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The existence of PON1 polymorphism leads to differences in the enzyme level and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of organophosphate exposure. dATP is an endogenous nucleotide with rapid turnover in cells. The intracellular concentration of dATP is tightly regulated and typically ranges from 10-50 μM in mammalian cells. dATP is synthesized from ADP via ribonucleotide reductase and from adenine via salvage pathways. The nucleotide is rapidly metabolized by nucleotide phosphatases and is cleared from the circulation with a half-life of minutes. Exogenously administered dATP is rapidly dephosphorylated in plasma and does not achieve significant cellular uptake due to its negatively charged triphosphate moiety. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
dATP is an endogenous cellular metabolite and is not considered toxic at physiological concentrations. Imbalances in dATP pools can lead to mutagenesis and genomic instability, contributing to cancer development. High concentrations of dATP can inhibit ribonucleotide reductase through feedback regulation. In laboratory settings, dATP is handled as a standard laboratory chemical with minimal toxicity. The compound is not classified as hazardous, but standard precautions should be taken when handling nucleotide solutions.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
DATP is a purine 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate with adenine as its nucleobase. It is a metabolite of E. coli and mice. It is a purine 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate, and also a 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate. It is the conjugate acid of dATP(3-). dATP is a metabolite found or produced in E. coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has been reported that 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate exists in both Homo sapiens and cattle, and relevant data are available. Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate used in cellular DNA synthesis. A nucleoside triphosphate is a molecule whose molecular structure contains one nucleoside and three phosphate groups. dATP contains deoxyribose, which is a precursor to DNA synthesis. During DNA replication, the two phosphate groups on dATP are cleaved, and the remaining deoxyadenosine monophosphate is incorporated into DNA. Because dATP can be enzymatically incorporated into DNA, some photoreactive dATP analogs, such as N6-[4-azidobenzoyl-(2-aminoethyl)]-2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (AB-dATP) and N6-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-diazacyclopropane-3-yl]benzoyl-(2-aminoethyl)]-2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (DB-dATP), have been used for DNA photoaffinity labeling. dATP is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
dATP is a fundamental reagent in molecular biology and is widely used in PCR, DNA sequencing, cDNA synthesis, DNA labeling, and various nucleic acid amplification techniques. The compound is available in various salt forms. dATP is also a key component of commercial PCR master mixes and DNA polymerase reaction buffers. It is not a therapeutic drug and has no regulatory approval for human use. Storage conditions typically require -20°C in neutral pH buffers to prevent degradation. This product is intended for research and diagnostic applications only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H16N5O12P3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
491.18
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| Exact Mass |
534.964
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| CAS # |
1927-31-7
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| Related CAS # |
2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium;54680-12-5;2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-13C10,15N5 (tetraammonia)
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| PubChem CID |
15993
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
2.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
913.3±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
506.1±37.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.874
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| LogP |
-4.93
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
16
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
30
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| Complexity |
769
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
O[C@@H](C[C@H](N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)O3)[C@H]3COP(O)(OP(O)(OP(O)(O)=O)=O)=O
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| InChi Key |
SUYVUBYJARFZHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16N5O12P3/c11-9-8-10(13-3-12-9)15(4-14-8)7-1-5(16)6(25-7)2-24-29(20,21)27-30(22,23)26-28(17,18)19/h3-7,16H,1-2H2,(H,20,21)(H,22,23)(H2,11,12,13)(H2,17,18,19)/t5-,6+,7+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.0359 mL | 10.1796 mL | 20.3591 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4072 mL | 2.0359 mL | 4.0718 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2036 mL | 1.0180 mL | 2.0359 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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