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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Xenin targets the neurotensin receptor (NTS1 and NTS2) and is classified as an endogenous metabolite. As a gut hormone, it regulates food intake and gastrointestinal function. The peptide stimulates pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion, inhibits gastrin secretion, and influences gastrointestinal motility.
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| ln Vitro |
The mucosa of the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum express xenin in large amounts, but the pancreas expresses it at lesser quantities. Following a meal, xenin is released into the bloodstream, where it has been shown to impact gastrointestinal motility, suppress gastrin secretion, and increase pancreas endocrine and exocrine secretion. A strong homolog of neurotensin is xenin. There have been reports of comparable biological effects between neurotensin and xenin [1].
In vitro, Xenin is abundantly expressed in gastric, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa, and is found at lower levels in the pancreas. It stimulates pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion. The peptide inhibits gastrin secretion and influences gastrointestinal motility. Detailed EC₅0 values are not extensively documented. |
| ln Vivo |
In wild-type mice, xenin administered intracerebroventricularly or intraperitoneally suppressed fasting-induced hyperphagia in a dose-dependent manner. In wild-type mice given an unlimited diet, Xenin administered intraperitoneally also decreased nighttime intake. When Xenin is injected intraperitoneally, Fos immunoreactivity is elevated in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. In agouti and ob/ob mice, xenin decreases food intake [2]. When Xenin-treated animals were compared to control mice treated with saline, the former's gastric emptying rates were almost 93% lower. Fos immunoreactive cells in the nucleus of the brainstem's solitary tract were markedly elevated by an intraperitoneal injection of Xenin, but not in the vagus nerve's posterior region or dorsal motor nucleus [3].
In vivo, Xenin is released into the circulation postprandially and reduces food intake. It stimulates pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion and inhibits gastrin secretion. The peptide influences gastrointestinal motility. Further in vivo studies are documented in the published literature on gut hormone physiology. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro receptor binding assay for Xenin uses membrane preparations from cells expressing neurotensin receptors (NTS1 and NTS2). Competitive binding is performed using radiolabeled neurotensin in the presence of varying concentrations of Xenin. Functional assays measure receptor-mediated calcium mobilization or cAMP accumulation. EC₅0 values are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, cells expressing neurotensin receptors are cultured and treated with Xenin at various concentrations. Receptor activation is measured by calcium mobilization using fluorescent indicators or by measuring downstream signaling pathways. Pancreatic cell lines may be used to assess endocrine and exocrine secretion. Experiments are typically performed in triplicate under standard culture conditions.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Xenin typically involve rodent models to assess food intake and gastrointestinal function. The peptide is administered via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection at various doses. Food intake is measured over time. Pancreatic secretion and gastrointestinal motility may be assessed. Blood samples may be collected for hormone measurements. Efficacy is evaluated by reduction in food intake or modulation of gastrointestinal parameters.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Xenin are not extensively documented. As a peptide with molecular formula C13₉H224N3₈O32S and molecular weight 2971.57, it has limited oral bioavailability. Purity is reported as 99.25%. The peptide is soluble in aqueous buffers and DMSO. Storage at -20degC is recommended. Further PK parameters would require dedicated studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Xenin are not well characterized. As a research peptide, standard safety precautions should be observed. The compound is for laboratory use only and not intended for human therapeutic applications. Peptide-based research compounds generally have favorable safety profiles but may have immunogenicity risks. Comprehensive toxicity profiling would be required for therapeutic development.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Xenin (CAS# 144092-28-4) is a 25-amino acid gut hormone isolated from human gastric mucosa. It reduces food intake, stimulates pancreatic secretion, inhibits gastrin secretion, and influences gastrointestinal motility. The peptide has molecular formula C13₉H224N3₈O32S and molecular weight 2971.57. It is used in gastrointestinal and metabolic research.
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| Molecular Formula |
C139H224N38O32S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
2971.56625999999
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| Exact Mass |
2969.68
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| CAS # |
144092-28-4
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| PubChem CID |
16131039
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
7.478
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
41
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
41
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
100
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| Heavy Atom Count |
210
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| Complexity |
6510
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
27
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| SMILES |
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)NC(=O)[C@@H]3CCCN3C(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H]4CCCN4C(=O)[C@H](CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)[C@H](CC6=CC=CC=C6)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CC=CC=C7)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)N
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| InChi Key |
IDHVLSACPFUBDY-QCDLPZBNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C139H224N38O32S/c1-15-79(10)111(132(203)169-103(137(208)209)64-77(6)7)173-126(197)101(67-85-69-152-89-41-23-22-40-87(85)89)167-130(201)107-49-34-59-176(107)135(206)96(47-33-58-151-139(147)148)163-117(188)91(43-25-29-54-141)159-129(200)106-48-35-60-177(106)136(207)102(68-86-70-149-74-154-86)168-124(195)100(66-84-38-20-17-21-39-84)166-128(199)105(73-179)171-122(193)97(62-75(2)3)156-108(182)71-153-116(187)90(42-24-28-53-140)160-131(202)110(78(8)9)172-120(191)94(46-32-57-150-138(145)146)157-114(185)80(11)155-127(198)104(72-178)170-119(190)93(45-27-31-56-143)162-133(204)112(81(12)180)174-121(192)95(50-51-109(183)184)158-123(194)99(65-83-36-18-16-19-37-83)165-118(189)92(44-26-30-55-142)161-134(205)113(82(13)181)175-125(196)98(63-76(4)5)164-115(186)88(144)52-61-210-14/h16-23,36-41,69-70,74-82,88,90-107,110-113,152,178-181H,15,24-35,42-68,71-73,140-144H2,1-14H3,(H,149,154)(H,153,187)(H,155,198)(H,156,182)(H,157,185)(H,158,194)(H,159,200)(H,160,202)(H,161,205)(H,162,204)(H,163,188)(H,164,186)(H,165,189)(H,166,199)(H,167,201)(H,168,195)(H,169,203)(H,170,190)(H,171,193)(H,172,191)(H,173,197)(H,174,192)(H,175,196)(H,183,184)(H,208,209)(H4,145,146,150)(H4,147,148,151)/t79-,80-,81+,82+,88-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,110-,111-,112-,113-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.3365 mL | 1.6826 mL | 3.3652 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0673 mL | 0.3365 mL | 0.6730 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0337 mL | 0.1683 mL | 0.3365 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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