| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2). Vitamin K5 hydrochloride specifically inhibits PKM2, a key glycolytic enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells to support aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). It shows selectivity for the PKM2 isoform over PKM1 and PKL, making it a useful tool for studying metabolic reprogramming in cancer.
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free biochemical assays, Vitamin K5 hydrochloride directly inhibits recombinant human PKM2 with an IC50 of 28 uM. It also inhibits the other pyruvate kinase isoforms, PKM1 (IC50 191 uM) and PKL (IC50 120 uM), demonstrating its selectivity for the PKM2 isoform. Inhibition of PKM2 enzymatic activity is typically measured using a coupled luminescent kinase assay (e.g., Kinase-Glo®) with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ADP as substrates.
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| ln Vivo |
Vitamin K5 hydrochloride induces apoptosis of colon 26 cells in vitro. It promotes cell death in colorectal cancer cells and has been shown to exert antitumor effects in established colorectal cancer models. The compound induces apoptotic cell death, contributing to its anticancer activity. It is also active as an antimicrobial agent against various bacterial and fungal strains, making it a useful preservative.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The PKM2 inhibitory activity of Vitamin K5 hydrochloride is determined using a luminescent kinase assay format. Recombinant human PKM2 protein is incubated with the test compound at various concentrations (0-200 uM) in the presence of PEP and ADP. After incubation, a luminescent developer reagent is added to quantify the amount of ADP converted to ATP. Luminescence is measured on a plate reader, and IC50 values are calculated from dose-response curves using nonlinear regression analysis.
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| Cell Assay |
Colon 26 cells are cultured in appropriate medium and exposed to varying concentrations of Vitamin K5 hydrochloride (typically 0-200 uM) for a defined period (e.g., 24-72 hours). Apoptosis induction is measured using assays such as Annexin V/PI staining, caspase-3/7 activity measurement, or TUNEL staining. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. IC50 values for cell viability are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo efficacy studies for the anticancer activity of Vitamin K5 hydrochloride have been conducted using established colorectal cancer xenograft models in mice. Tumor-bearing mice are treated with Vitamin K5 hydrochloride via intraperitoneal or oral administration at various doses (e.g., 10-50 mg/kg). Tumor volume is measured periodically using calipers. Endpoints include tumor growth inhibition, tumor weight at study termination, and histopathological assessment of apoptosis in tumor tissue.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
PK properties are predicted based on structural characteristics typical of naphthoquinone compounds. Vitamin K5 hydrochloride is expected to have moderate oral bioavailability. As a photosensitizer, it may distribute widely in tissues, particularly those rich in mitochondria. Metabolism likely involves Phase II conjugation reactions and redox cycling. The compound has been used as a preservative, suggesting low systemic toxicity at preservative concentrations. Detailed PK profiles for this specific salt form have not been fully characterized.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Vitamin K5 hydrochloride is considered to have low to moderate toxicity for research use. As a naphthoquinone derivative, it may induce oxidative stress and generate reactive oxygen species under certain conditions. The hydrochloride salt form improves its water solubility compared to the free base. At therapeutic concentrations for PKM2 inhibition, the compound induces apoptosis in cancer cells but is generally well-tolerated in animal studies. It has a history of use as a food and beverage preservative, indicating acceptable safety at low concentrations. For research applications, standard laboratory safety practices should be followed.
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| Additional Infomation |
See also: Vitamin K5 (note moved to).
Additional research areas include studying the compound as a PKM2 inhibitor for cancer metabolism research. It can be used to investigate the Warburg effect and glycolytic reprogramming in cancer cells. The compound also serves as a preservative for pharmaceuticals, foods, and beverages. It is not approved for clinical use as a drug. The antimicrobial activity of Vitamin K5 hydrochloride includes both antibacterial and antifungal effects, making it a potential candidate for infection research. The compound is a photosensitizer, suggesting possible applications in photodynamic therapy. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H11NO.HCL
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
209.67208
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| Exact Mass |
209.06
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| CAS # |
130-24-5
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| Related CAS # |
Vitamin K5;83-70-5
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| PubChem CID |
67225
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Boiling Point |
385.1ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
186.7ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.75E-06mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
3.819
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
183
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2C(=C1)N)O.Cl
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| InChi Key |
LZRUOHAYVULQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H11NO.ClH/c1-7-6-10(12)8-4-2-3-5-9(8)11(7)13;/h2-6,13H,12H2,1H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
4-amino-2-methylnaphthalen-1-ol;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~596.17 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.7694 mL | 23.8470 mL | 47.6940 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9539 mL | 4.7694 mL | 9.5388 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4769 mL | 2.3847 mL | 4.7694 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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