| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
VPAC1 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1) and VPAC2 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2), which are class B G-protein-coupled receptors. VIP is the endogenous high-affinity agonist for both receptors, with Kd values in the low nanomolar range (typically 1-10 nM). VIP can also bind with lower affinity to PAC1 receptors (the receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide).
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| ln Vitro |
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (10(-7)M) reduced neuroepithelial cell G1 and S phases by 58% (1.9-0.8 h) and 50% (4.8-2.4 h), respectively, in comparison to the control group [1].
In vitro, VIP stimulates cAMP accumulation in cells expressing VPAC1 or VPAC2 with EC50 values in the low nanomolar range (typically 1-10 nM). It induces smooth muscle relaxation in isolated tissue preparations (e.g., intestinal and vascular smooth muscle), increases intestinal secretion, and promotes neuronal survival. VIP is a trophic and mitogenic factor for various cell types. Guinea pig pancreatic acini possess both VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, which mediate enzyme secretion. VIP can block inflammation, modify the Th response favoring Th2, and induce regulatory T cells. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, VIP functions as a gastrointestinal hormone, regulating intestinal motility and secretion. It also acts as a neurotransmitter, influencing vasodilation and neuronal function. VIP has been shown to reduce corneal perforation rate and bacterial load while suppressing excessive neutrophil infiltration in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis model. VIP stimulates growth in whole cultured embryos. Guinea pig VIP has been used to study the neural roles of VIP and VPAC1 receptors in intestinal motility and secretion.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Receptor binding assay: Membranes from cells expressing VPAC1 or VPAC2 (e.g., from guinea pig pancreatic acini or transfected CHO cells) are incubated with radiolabeled VIP (e.g., [¹2⁵I]VIP, 0.05-0.2 nM) and varying concentrations of unlabeled VIP (0.01-10,000 nM) in binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.1% BSA, 0.1 mM PMSF) for 2 hours at room temperature. Bound radioactivity is separated by filtration through GF/C filters and quantified by gamma counting. Kd and IC50 values are calculated using nonlinear regression.
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| Cell Assay |
cAMP accumulation assay: Cells expressing VPAC receptors (e.g., guinea pig pancreatic acini, CHO-VPAC1 or CHO-VPAC2 transfectants) are seeded in 24-well plates and treated with VIP (0.001-1000 nM) for 10-30 minutes at 37degC in the presence of 0.5 mM IBMX. Intracellular cAMP is extracted and quantified by ELISA or RIA. EC50 for receptor activation is determined from dose-response curves. Smooth muscle relaxation assay: Isolated tissue preparations (e.g., guinea pig intestinal or vascular smooth muscle strips) are mounted in organ baths, contracted with a spasmogen (e.g., carbachol or KCl), and cumulative concentrations of VIP (0.1-1000 nM) are added. Relaxation is measured as percentage of pre-contraction tension.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal models of inflammation: VIP has been studied in mouse models of corneal infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis), where it reduces corneal perforation rate and bacterial load while suppressing excessive neutrophil infiltration. In models of inflammatory bowel disease or sepsis, VIP administration can reduce inflammation and improve outcomes. Dosing is typically via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a peptide, VIP is rapidly degraded in vivo, with a short half-life (1-3 minutes in circulation) due to cleavage by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and other proteases. Not orally bioavailable; requires parenteral administration.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No specific toxicity data are reported for guinea pig VIP. As a research peptide, it is not intended for therapeutic use.
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| References |
[1]. P Gressens, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide shortens both G1 and S phases of neural cell cycle in whole postimplantation cultured mouse embryos. Eur J Neurosci. 1998 May;10(5):1734-42.
[2]. M G Bryant, et al. Possible dual role for vasoactive intestinal peptide as gastrointestinal hormone and neurotransmitter substance. Lancet. 1976 May 8;1(7967):991-3. |
| Additional Infomation |
This is a research peptide, not an approved drug. Guinea pig VIP is used as a model due to its high expression and similarity to human physiology. It serves as a tool for studying VIP/VPAC signaling in the gastrointestinal, nervous, and immune systems. Guinea pig has a unique mammalian VIP sequence with slight variations from human VIP.
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| Molecular Formula |
C147H239N43O42S2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
3344.86000
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| Exact Mass |
3342.73
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| CAS # |
96886-24-7
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| Related CAS # |
VIP(Guinea pig) TFA
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| PubChem CID |
16167347
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
3.924
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
51
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
51
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
116
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| Heavy Atom Count |
234
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| Complexity |
7510
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N)CC(=O)N)(NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1NC=NC=1)CC1C=CC=CC=1)CC1C=CC(O)=CC=1)CC1C=CC(O)=CC=1
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| InChi Key |
UGKBLTCXYMBLJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C147H239N43O42S2/c1-71(2)55-97(175-120(207)77(12)165-130(217)105(65-112(201)202)181-140(227)107(68-191)185-121(208)87(151)62-84-67-160-70-163-84)133(220)179-102(59-81-29-19-18-20-30-81)137(224)189-117(80(15)195)145(232)184-106(66-113(203)204)139(226)190-116(79(14)194)144(231)183-103(61-83-38-42-86(197)43-39-83)138(225)188-115(78(13)193)143(230)173-92(35-28-52-162-147(158)159)127(214)176-98(56-72(3)4)131(218)170-91(34-27-51-161-146(156)157)125(212)167-89(32-22-25-49-149)124(211)171-93(44-45-109(152)198)128(215)172-94(46-53-233-16)122(209)164-76(11)119(206)166-95(47-54-234-17)129(216)169-88(31-21-24-48-148)123(210)168-90(33-23-26-50-150)126(213)178-101(60-82-36-40-85(196)41-37-82)135(222)177-99(57-73(5)6)134(221)180-104(64-111(154)200)136(223)186-108(69-192)141(228)187-114(75(9)10)142(229)182-100(58-74(7)8)132(219)174-96(118(155)205)63-110(153)199/h18-20,29-30,36-43,67,70-80,87-108,114-117,191-197H,21-28,31-35,44-66,68-69,148-151H2,1-17H3,(H2,152,198)(H2,153,199)(H2,154,200)(H2,155,205)(H,160,163)(H,164,209)(H,165,217)(H,166,206)(H,167,212)(H,168,210)(H,169,216)(H,170,218)(H,171,211)(H,172,215)(H,173,230)(H,174,219)(H,175,207)(H,176,214)(H,177,222)(H,178,213)(H,179,220)(H,180,221)(H,181,227)(H,182,229)(H,183,231)(H,184,232)(H,185,208)(H,186,223)(H,187,228)(H,188,225)(H,189,224)(H,190,226)(H,201,202)(H,203,204)(H4,156,157,161)(H4,158,159,162)
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| Chemical Name |
4-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[6-amino-1-[[5-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[6-amino-1-[[6-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[(1,4-diamino-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-[[2-[[2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.2990 mL | 1.4948 mL | 2.9897 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0598 mL | 0.2990 mL | 0.5979 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0299 mL | 0.1495 mL | 0.2990 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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