| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
Violacein targets apoptosis pathways and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in cancer cells. It functions as an apoptosis inducer by activating caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death pathways. Violacein decreases the expression of receptor tyrosine kinases and disturbs signaling pathways in cancer cells, including MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. In bacteria, violacein targets the cell membrane, disrupting membrane integrity and leading to cell death without affecting the cell wall. The compound also exhibits antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. Its multi-target mechanism contributes to its broad biological activities.
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| ln Vitro |
In both 2D and 3D cell models, vitexin (0.25–3 µM; 24 hours; HCT116 and HT29 cells) exhibits anticancer action [1]. In CRC cells, vitexin inhibits RTK expression and messes with signaling pathways [1].
Violacein demonstrates potent in vitro anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines including HCT116 and HT29 colorectal cancer cells. The compound shows activity in both 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid culture models, indicating good tissue penetration. Violacein decreases RTK expression and disrupts cancer cell signaling pathways. The compound induces apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Violacein also exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and antiprotozoal activity against parasites. Its antioxidant properties protect cells from oxidative stress. Violacein shows low toxicity to normal cells at anticancer concentrations. |
| ln Vivo |
Violacein demonstrates in vivo anticancer activity with low side effects in animal models. The compound shows efficacy in xenograft models of colorectal cancer, reducing tumor growth and promoting apoptosis. Violacein's low systemic toxicity makes it an attractive candidate for cancer therapy. The compound also shows antibacterial activity in in vivo infection models. Its antioxidant properties may contribute to its protective effects in various disease models. Violacein has been studied for its chemopreventive potential. The compound's in vivo activity is dose-dependent and shows good correlation with in vitro potency. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate favorable tissue distribution.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme/receptor binding assay for violacein involves testing its activity against various targets. For apoptosis studies, caspase activity assays use fluorogenic substrates to measure caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation in cell lysates treated with violacein. RTK activity is measured using kinase assays with purified receptors or immunoprecipitated proteins. Antioxidant activity is assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS, or FRAP assays. For antibacterial studies, enzyme assays such as beta-lactamase or penicillin-binding protein assays may be performed. Binding affinity to specific targets may be measured using surface plasmon resonance or isothermal titration calorimetry.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell viability assay [1].
Cell Types: HCT116 and HT29 (1.8 × 104 cells/well - 100 µL) cells. Tested Concentrations: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 µM. Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours). Experimental Results: In 2D culture models, shikonin treatment diminished cell viability as formazan production was diminished in HT29 and HCT116 cell lines. Furthermore, HT29 is more sensitive to violacein as evidenced by the IC50 value (0.6 μM) compared to HCT116 (1.2 μM). The in vitro cellular assay for violacein uses cancer cell lines such as HCT116, HT29, HeLa, or MCF-7 cells. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with varying concentrations of violacein (typically 0.1-50 μM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT, SRB, or CellTiter-Glo assays. Apoptosis is evaluated by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, TUNEL assay, or caspase activity measurements. Cell cycle analysis is performed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. RTK and signaling pathway proteins are analyzed by Western blotting. ROS production is measured using DCFH-DA or other fluorescent probes. Antibacterial activity is assessed by broth microdilution. |
| Animal Protocol |
The in vivo animal experiment for violacein uses immunodeficient mice bearing human cancer xenografts. Tumors are established by subcutaneous injection of cancer cells. When tumors reach appropriate size, mice are randomized and treated with violacein via intraperitoneal, intravenous, or oral administration at doses ranging from 5-50 mg/kg. Treatment schedules may be daily or every other day for 2-4 weeks. Tumor volumes are measured using calipers. Body weight and toxicity signs are monitored. At study endpoint, tumors are excised for histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry for proliferation and apoptosis markers, and Western blotting for signaling pathway proteins. Blood samples are collected for pharmacokinetic and hematological analysis.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Violacein belongs to the hydroxyindole class of compounds. It is formed by an oxidative coupling reaction between the 3-position of 1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one and the 3-position of 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-one, with the 5-position replaced by a 5-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-yl group. The newly formed double bond has an E-configuration. It is a purple pigment with antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anticancer activities. Violacein can function as a bacterial metabolite, antitumor agent, apoptosis inducer, antibacterial agent, and antifungal agent. It belongs to the hydroxyindole, pyrrole, oxoindole, and olefin compounds. Functionally, it is related to protoViolacein.
Violacein has been reported to exist in Chromobacterium violaceum, and relevant data are available for reference. |
| Molecular Formula |
C20H13N3O3
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| Molecular Weight |
343.33552
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| Exact Mass |
343.096
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| CAS # |
548-54-9
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| PubChem CID |
11053
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| Appearance |
Brown to black solid powder
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| Density |
1.549g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
821.4ºC at 760mmHg
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| Flash Point |
450.6ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.804
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| Source |
Originated from microorganisms: Chromobacterium violaceum
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| LogP |
3.111
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
26
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| Complexity |
753
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C1/C(C2=CC=CC=C2N1)=C3C=C(C(C4=C5)=CNC4=CC=C5O)NC\3=O
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| InChi Key |
SHLJIZCPRXXHHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C20H13N3O3/c24-10-5-6-15-12(7-10)14(9-21-15)17-8-13(19(25)23-17)18-11-3-1-2-4-16(11)22-20(18)26/h1-9,21,23-25H
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| Chemical Name |
3-[2-hydroxy-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]indol-2-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~10 mg/mL (~29.1 mM; with ultrasonication)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.9126 mL | 14.5628 mL | 29.1256 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5825 mL | 2.9126 mL | 5.8251 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2913 mL | 1.4563 mL | 2.9126 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT05856214 | Recruiting | Behavioral: Couple-Based Violence Prevention education(CBVPE) | Intimate Partner Violence | Jimma University | 2023-08-01 | Not Applicable |
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