| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| 2mg | |||
| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Verrucarin A targets the 60S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting eukaryotic protein synthesis. It binds to the P and A sites in ribosomes and blocks peptide-bond formation and translation initiation. It also inhibits the steroid receptor coactivator-3 and interferes with cell cycle regulatory proteins such as cyclin D1/E and protein kinase B (AKT) pathways.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Verrucarin A (0-0.6 μM/ml; 24-48 hours) - Induces growth inhibition in MCF-7 cells that is dose- and time-dependent [1]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated by verrucarin A, which also causes a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). This results in an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase, destruction of PARP, and apoptosis [1].
In vitro, Verrucarin A inhibits growth of leukemia cell lines and activates caspases and apoptosis and inflammatory signaling in macrophages. It effectively increases the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and diminishes the phosphorylation of ERK/Akt. It inhibits clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) proliferation and reduces phosphorylation of IREα and inhibits tunicamycin-induced ER stress in FaO rat liver cells. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity data for Verrucarin A are limited in the available literature. As a highly cytotoxic compound, its primary application is in in vitro cancer research. Its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation suggests potential for in vivo antitumor activity, but systematic in vivo efficacy studies are lacking due to its toxicity.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for Verrucarin A are performed using purified ribosomes or translation systems. The compound's ability to inhibit protein synthesis is measured by quantifying the incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into nascent polypeptides. Binding to the 60S ribosomal subunit is assessed using radiolabeled Verrucarin A or competitive binding assays.
|
| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[1]
Cell Types: MCF-7 Cell Tested Concentrations: 0-0.6 μM/ml Incubation Duration: 24 and 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: The growth of MCF-7 cells was Dramatically inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner at 24 hrs (hours) and The IC50 for the 48-hour treatment period was 0.41 and 0.29 μM/ml, respectively. In vitro cellular assays for Verrucarin A are performed using cancer cell lines such as leukemia, breast cancer, or renal cell carcinoma cells. Cells are treated with the compound, and cell viability is assessed using MTT or other cytotoxicity assays. Apoptosis is evaluated by measuring caspase activation, annexin V staining, or PARP cleavage. Cell cycle analysis is performed by flow cytometry. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Verrucarin A are not extensively documented due to its high toxicity. As a research compound, in vivo studies would typically involve administration to mouse xenograft models at carefully controlled doses. Efficacy would be assessed by measuring tumor volume reduction, and toxicity would be closely monitored.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Verrucarin A have not been systematically characterized. The compound has a molecular weight of 502.56 and molecular formula C₂₇H₃₄O₉. It is soluble in DMSO (25 mg/ml). It has a purity of ≥85% by HPLC. Further PK studies are needed to determine its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Verrucarin A is a highly toxic mycotoxin with significant cytotoxicity. As a macrocyclic trichothecene, it inhibits protein synthesis and induces apoptosis. Its toxicity profile is characterized by its effects on rapidly dividing cells and potential for severe adverse effects. The compound is intended for research purposes only and is not approved for human therapeutic use.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Verrucarin A is a trichothecene antibiotic with a structure comprising a triester macrocyclic ring and an outer methylene epoxy group. It is a trichothecene compound, a macrolide antibiotic, an epoxide, a macrolide compound, and an organotetracyclic compound. Verrucarin A has been reported to be found in Paramyrothecium roridum, Albifimbria verrucaria, and other organisms with relevant data.
Verrucarin A is also known as Muconomycin A. It is a naturally occurring antibiotic and a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin derived from Myrothecium verrucaria. It is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis and is studied for its anticancer potential. This product is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C27H34O9
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
502.55346
|
| Exact Mass |
488.205
|
| CAS # |
3148-09-2
|
| PubChem CID |
6326658
|
| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.32g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
747.4ºC at 760mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
>360ºC
|
| Flash Point |
250.2ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.584
|
| LogP |
1.78
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
9
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
36
|
| Complexity |
1030
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
|
| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1CCOC(=O)/C=C/C=C\C(=O)O[C@@H]2C[C@@H]3[C@]4([C@]2([C@]5(CCC(=C[C@H]5O3)C)COC(=O)[C@H]1O)C)CO4
|
| InChi Key |
NLUGUZJQJYVUHS-IDXDZYHTSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C27H34O9/c1-16-8-10-26-14-33-24(31)23(30)17(2)9-11-32-21(28)6-4-5-7-22(29)36-18-13-20(35-19(26)12-16)27(15-34-27)25(18,26)3/h4-7,12,17-20,23,30H,8-11,13-15H2,1-3H3/b6-4+,7-5-/t17-,18-,19-,20-,23+,25-,26-,27+/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(1R,3R,8R,12S,13R,18E,20Z,24R,25S,26S)-12-hydroxy-5,13,25-trimethylspiro[2,10,16,23-tetraoxatetracyclo[22.2.1.03,8.08,25]heptacosa-4,18,20-triene-26,2'-oxirane]-11,17,22-trione
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9899 mL | 9.9493 mL | 19.8985 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3980 mL | 1.9899 mL | 3.9797 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1990 mL | 0.9949 mL | 1.9899 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
