| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
TRIM targets nitric oxide synthase enzymes, specifically the neuronal (nNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms. It acts as a potent inhibitor, binding to these enzymes and blocking their activity. The compound displays IC50 values of 28.2 μM for nNOS (mouse cerebellum) and 27.0 μM for iNOS (rat lung). In contrast, it has a much lower affinity for the endothelial isoform (eNOS), with an IC50 of 1057.5 μM. This selectivity for nNOS and iNOS over eNOS makes TRIM a valuable tool for studying the specific roles of these isoforms in various physiological and pathological processes, without significantly affecting the cardiovascular functions mediated by eNOS.
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| ln Vitro |
TRIM has an IC50 of 1057.5 µM, making it a comparatively mild inhibitor of eNOS[1].
In vitro, TRIM has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of nNOS and iNOS activity. In cell-based assays, it inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) from cells that express these enzymes. For example, in activated macrophages, which express iNOS, TRIM treatment leads to a reduction in NO production. Similarly, in neuronal cell cultures, it inhibits nNOS activity. These in vitro studies confirm the compound's mechanism of action and its selectivity profile. The compound's ability to inhibit NO production in the brain is relevant to its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects observed in vivo. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, TRIM has been shown to possess antinociceptive (pain-relieving), anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties. These effects are attributed to its ability to inhibit nNOS in the central nervous system, thereby modulating the NO signaling pathway, which is involved in pain perception, anxiety, and mood regulation. The compound has been studied in various rodent models of pain, anxiety, and depression. Its selectivity for nNOS and iNOS over eNOS is believed to contribute to its favorable side-effect profile, as it does not significantly affect blood pressure regulation.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme or receptor binding (non-cell) assays for TRIM involve measuring its inhibition of NOS enzymatic activity. The assay uses a purified recombinant NOS enzyme (nNOS, iNOS, or eNOS) and a substrate, such as L-arginine, in the presence of cofactors (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and flavin mononucleotide). The production of nitric oxide (NO) or citrulline is measured using a colorimetric, fluorometric, or radiometric method. The compound is incubated with the enzyme and substrate at varying concentrations, and the IC50 value is determined. For TRIM, IC50 values of 28.2 μM for nNOS and 27.0 μM for iNOS have been reported.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for TRIM are performed using cell lines that express NOS isoforms. For iNOS studies, macrophages (e.g., RAW 264.7 cells) are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) to induce iNOS expression. Cells are then treated with TRIM, and the production of nitrite (a stable metabolite of NO) in the culture medium is measured using the Griess assay. For nNOS studies, neuronal cell lines or primary neuronal cultures are used. The compound's effects on NO production and cell viability are assessed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for TRIM are conducted using rodent models of pain, anxiety, and depression. For antinociceptive studies, the formalin test or the tail-flick test is used. For anxiolytic studies, the elevated plus maze or the light-dark box test is used. For antidepressant studies, the forced swim test or the tail suspension test is used. The compound is typically administered intraperitoneally or orally, and its effects on behavior are measured. The involvement of the NO pathway is confirmed by co-administration with L-arginine, which can reverse the effects of TRIM.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of TRIM have been characterized to support its use as a research tool. The compound has a molecular weight of 212.2 and a molecular formula of C10H7F3N2. It is soluble in DMSO at a concentration of 10.61 mg/mL. The compound is typically administered intraperitoneally or orally in animal studies. Specific PK parameters, such as half-life and bioavailability, are determined in preclinical studies via LC-MS/MS analysis of plasma and brain tissue samples. The compound's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier is important for its effects on the central nervous system.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology (toxicology) data for TRIM are characteristic of a research compound. As an NOS inhibitor, its safety profile is an important consideration. The compound's selectivity for nNOS and iNOS over eNOS is expected to reduce the risk of cardiovascular side effects, such as hypertension. However, inhibition of nNOS in the brain may have central nervous system effects. The compound is generally well-tolerated at effective doses in preclinical studies. Standard toxicology studies are conducted to assess its safety profile.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazolium is a member of the imidazolium class of compounds.
Other information: TRIM is a research compound used to study the role of nitric oxide in the central nervous system, pain pathways, and inflammatory processes. It is a valuable tool for investigating the therapeutic potential of NOS inhibitors in conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, depression, and neuroinflammation. The compound is available from chemical suppliers for preclinical research purposes. Its CAS number is 25371-96-4. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H7F3N2
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| Molecular Weight |
212.1712
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| Exact Mass |
212.056
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| CAS # |
25371-96-4
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| PubChem CID |
1359
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
288.3±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
43 °C
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| Flash Point |
128.2±27.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.522
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| LogP |
2.55
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
217
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
WZBWBNCQUTXYEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H7F3N2/c11-10(12,13)8-3-1-2-4-9(8)15-6-5-14-7-15/h1-7H
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| Chemical Name |
1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazole
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~250 mg/mL (~1178.30 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.7132 mL | 23.5660 mL | 47.1320 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9426 mL | 4.7132 mL | 9.4264 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4713 mL | 2.3566 mL | 4.7132 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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