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| Targets |
Systemin is regarded as a major systemic signal in plants that is easily transported from the site of a wound. The release of linolenic acid from the membrane and its subsequent conversion to jasmonic acid are steps in the signal transduction pathway that mediates systemin signaling. Jasmonic acid is a powerful activator of defense gene transcription. Systemin induces the synthesis of two wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor proteins and over 15 defensive genes. The peptide's mechanism of action involves binding to a receptor on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the production of jasmonic acid and the activation of defense responses throughout the plant.
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| ln Vitro |
Systemin is regarded as a major systemic signal that is easily transported from the site of the wound. The release of linolenic acid from the membrane and its subsequent conversion to jasmonic acid, a powerful activator of defense gene transcription, are steps in the signal transduction pathway that mediates systemin signaling. Arachidonic acid/prostaglandin signaling in animals, which causes inflammation and acute phase reactions, is comparable to this pathway [1]. An 18-amino acid peptide signal is called systemin. Prosystemin, a 200-amino acid precursor protein, has its C-terminal region cleaved to produce systemin. Many lines of genetic evidence implicated Systemin as an upstream component of the wound-induced signaling cascade leading to defense gene expression after the proSystemin gene, which encodes a single locus in the tomato genome, was cloned [2].
Systemin demonstrates potent in vitro activity as a plant defense signal. Systemin, an 18-amino-acid polypeptide isolated from tomato leaves, is a powerful inducer of over 15 defensive genes. The peptide induces the synthesis of two wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor proteins. Systemin's activity is concentration-dependent, with effects observed at appropriate concentrations. The peptide's ability to activate defense responses has been characterized in various plant systems. Systemin is widely used in plant biology research to study wound signaling, defense responses, and the jasmonic acid pathway. Its activity is typically assessed by measuring the expression of defense genes or the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in treated plant tissues. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Systemin acts as a mobile signal that is transported from wounded tissues to distal parts of the plant. When applied to tomato plants, systemin induces the synthesis of proteinase inhibitors and other defense proteins throughout the plant. The peptide activates the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, leading to the production of jasmonic acid and the activation of defense gene transcription. Systemin's ability to induce systemic defense responses in plants makes it a valuable research tool for studying plant immunity, wound signaling, and systemic acquired resistance. Comprehensive in vivo studies have been conducted in tomato and other plant species.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for Systemin typically involve measuring the induction of defense gene expression in plant tissues or cell cultures. Tomato leaves or suspension-cultured cells are treated with varying concentrations of the peptide, and RNA is extracted for analysis of defense gene expression by qRT-PCR or Northern blot. Proteinase inhibitor activity can be measured in treated tissues using chromogenic substrates. Alternatively, the peptide's effects on jasmonic acid production can be assessed by measuring jasmonic acid levels in treated tissues by LC-MS/MS. Binding assays using radiolabeled systemin can be performed to characterize the systemin receptor. Each concentration is typically tested in duplicate or triplicate with appropriate controls (untreated tissues and tissues treated with unrelated peptides).
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Systemin are performed using plant cell cultures or leaf discs. Tomato cell suspension cultures or leaf discs are treated with varying concentrations of systemin for defined time periods. Defense gene expression is analyzed by qRT-PCR for genes encoding proteinase inhibitors, polyphenol oxidases, or other defense-related proteins. Proteinase inhibitor activity is measured in the culture medium or tissue extracts using colorimetric assays. Jasmonic acid levels are measured by LC-MS/MS. The peptide's effects on cell signaling can be assessed by measuring phosphorylation of MAP kinases or other signaling intermediates by Western blot. Cytotoxicity is not typically a concern for plant cell assays at research-use concentrations. Results are expressed as fold-change in gene expression or enzyme activity compared to untreated controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo plant studies for Systemin are conducted using tomato or other solanaceous plants. Plants are treated with the peptide by applying it to wounded leaves, by infiltration into leaves, or by feeding through the cut stem. Treated plants are incubated for various time periods (hours to days), and systemic responses are assessed in distal (untreated) leaves. Defense gene expression is analyzed by qRT-PCR. Proteinase inhibitor activity is measured in leaf extracts. Jasmonic acid levels are measured by LC-MS/MS. The peptide's effects on plant resistance to herbivores or pathogens can be assessed in feeding assays or infection studies. Plants are monitored for growth and development. Efficacy is expressed as induction of defense responses compared to untreated or wounded control plants.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Systemin are not relevant in the traditional sense, as the compound is a plant peptide hormone used for research in plant biology. The peptide has a molecular formula of C85H144N26O28S and a molecular weight of 2010.32 g/mol. Its amino acid sequence is Ala-Val-Gln-Ser-Lys-Pro-Pro-Ser-Lys-Arg-Asp-Pro-Pro-Lys-Met-Gln-Thr-Asp. Systemin is soluble in water. In plants, systemin is mobile and can be transported from wounded tissues to distal parts through the phloem. The peptide is susceptible to proteolytic degradation in planta. Comprehensive pharmacokinetic parameters are not applicable for a plant research tool.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Systemin is intended for laboratory research use only and has not undergone toxicology testing for therapeutic applications. As a plant peptide hormone, the compound is not intended for use in animals or humans. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling peptides should be followed. Comprehensive toxicological characterization has not been reported, as the compound is not intended for human use. Systemin is strictly intended for research purposes in plant biology.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Systemin is an 18-amino-acid polypeptide isolated from tomato leaves that is a powerful inducer of over 15 defensive genes. It is regarded as a major systemic signal transported from the site of a wound. Systemin has the sequence Ala-Val-Gln-Ser-Lys-Pro-Pro-Ser-Lys-Arg-Asp-Pro-Pro-Lys-Met-Gln-Thr-Asp. The peptide has a molecular formula of C85H144N26O28S and a molecular weight of 2010.32 g/mol. Systemin activates the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. The compound has not entered clinical trials and is available for research purposes only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C85H144N26O28S
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| Molecular Weight |
2010.28000
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| Exact Mass |
2009.04
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| CAS # |
137181-56-7
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.4974 mL | 2.4872 mL | 4.9744 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0995 mL | 0.4974 mL | 0.9949 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0497 mL | 0.2487 mL | 0.4974 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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