Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Stearyl alcohol is naturally found in various mammalian tissues… Multiple studies have shown that stearyl alcohol has a low absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple studies have also shown that 1-octadecyl alcohol has a low absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been reported that 14C-octadecyl alcohol can enter the thoracic duct of Sprague-Dawley rats. Radioactivity in lymph and blood was monitored at different time intervals after administration. Intestinal radioactivity was measured in intestinal homogenates, showing an absorption percentage of 56.6 ± 14.0% in lymph. Of this, more than half was found in triglycerides in the lymph, 6% to 13% in phospholipids, 2% to 8% as cholesterol esters, and 4% to 10% as unmodified octadecyl alcohol. 90% of octadecyl alcohol was found in the lipoparticle fraction of the blood. The absorption of this compound appears to be related to its lipid solubility. Metabolism/Metabolites Stearyl alcohol… is used in the biosynthesis of lipids and other natural cellular components and enters metabolic pathways for energy production. This fatty alcohol is readily converted to stearic acid, another common component of mammalian tissues. Of the absorbed portion, more than half is metabolized into triglycerides, 6-13% into phospholipids, 2-8% into cholesterol esters, and 4-10% remains unchanged as stearyl alcohol within 24 hours after administration.

Non-Human Toxicity Values
Oral LD50 in rats >5000 - 8000 mg/kg
Dermal LD50 in rabbits >3 g/kg
Oral LD50 in rats 20 g/kg

Octadecan-1-ol is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol composed of a C-1 hydroxyl group in an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms. It is a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain primary fatty alcohol and also an octadecane alcohol. Stearyl alcohol has been reported in tea trees, bees, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Alcohols, C18-32 (note moved to). Mechanism of Action… Ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-octanol have essentially the same effect on mitochondrial ultrastructure: mitochondria vary in size and cristae are underdeveloped; 1-dodecyl alcohol induces two distinct ultrastructural changes in mitochondria: in some hepatocytes, mitochondria are mixed in size, with both small and large mitochondria and underdeveloped cristae; while in other hepatocytes, mitochondria are significantly enlarged and cristae are well-developed; 1-octadecyl alcohol induces significant enlargement of mitochondria in all hepatocytes.
...The reactivity of fatty alcohols with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide decreases with increasing chain length, but branching of tetradecyl and hexadecyl alcohols increases reactivity. Adding 1-octadecyl alcohol to 1-hexadecyl alcohol improves reactivity, reaching its maximum when the mass fraction of 1-octadecyl alcohol is 20-40%.
...Peak inhibition rates were recorded using saturated primary alcohols (64 μM) with chain lengths of 16 to 19 carbon atoms. Unsaturated alcohols (oleyl alcohol, linoleyl alcohol, and linolenic acid) and secondary alcohols (pentadecan-2-ol) showed significantly poor growth inhibition. Stearic acid and palmitic acid were also ineffective.
After incubating Leishmania donovani in the stationary phase with [1-14C]octadecyl alcohol, approximately 70% of the precursor was absorbed within 3 hours. Due to the partial oxidation of octadecyl alcohol to stearic acid, the acyl moieties of wax esters and glycerides contained most of the 14C activity within 3 to 6 hours. The ether moieties were only weakly labeled. After 40 hours, 1-O-alkyl and 1-O-alkyl-1'-enyl diacylglycerols, as well as 1-O-alkyl and 1-O-alkyl-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate ethanolamine, contained almost all of the radioactivity. Most of the labeling in the neutral ether esters was located on the alkyl ether side chain, while most of the labeling in the phosphatidylethanolamine component was located on the alkenyl ether side chain.

C18H38O

270.5

270.292

112-92-5

1-Hydroxyoctadecane-d37;204259-62-1;1-Hydroxyoctadecane-d2;86369-69-9

8221

White to off-white solid powder

0.812

336 ºC

56-59 °C(lit.)

185 ºC

0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C

1.451

8.31

1

1

16

19

145

0

GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C18H38O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19/h19H,2-18H2,1H3

octadecan-1-ol

Siponol S; Sipol S; Stearyl alcohol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~5 mg/mL (~18.48 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)