| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg | |||
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| Targets |
The molecular targets of SI-60 are not biological targets, as the compound is a chemical initiator rather than a pharmaceutical agent. In polymerization reactions, SI-60 acts as a cationic photoinitiator or thermal initiator that generates reactive intermediates upon activation. The sulfonium salt structure undergoes photolysis or thermolysis to produce radical or cationic species that initiate the polymerization of monomers such as epoxides, vinyl ethers, and other cationically polymerizable compounds. The compound's mechanism of action involves the cleavage of the sulfonium-sulfur bond upon exposure to UV light or heat, generating a reactive cation and a radical species that propagate the polymerization chain reaction. In biological systems, SI-60 does not have specific molecular targets and is not designed to interact with enzymes, receptors, or other biomolecules. Its primary utility is in materials science for the fabrication of polymers, coatings, and adhesives.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro activity of SI-60 is characterized by its ability to initiate polymerization reactions rather than biological activity. In polymer chemistry assays, SI-60 is evaluated for its initiation efficiency, curing speed, and compatibility with various monomer systems. The compound's activity is assessed by monitoring the conversion of monomers to polymers using techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The compound's photoinitiation efficiency is typically measured by exposing monomer formulations containing SI-60 to UV light and measuring the rate of polymerization or the degree of conversion over time. In biological assays, SI-60 may be used as a reagent for crosslinking or immobilizing biomolecules, but it is not evaluated for pharmacological activity. Specific IC50 or EC50 values against biological targets are not applicable for this compound.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of SI-60 is not relevant, as the compound is a chemical reagent used in materials science and is not intended for administration to living organisms. The compound is not developed as a therapeutic agent and does not have pharmacological effects in vivo. In animal studies, SI-60 would not be administered for therapeutic evaluation due to its chemical reactivity and potential toxicity. Its use in biological research may include the preparation of polymer-based drug delivery systems or biomaterials, where SI-60 is used to initiate polymerization before the material is applied in vivo. However, the compound itself is not tested for in vivo efficacy. Any residual SI-60 in polymerized materials would be expected to be present at very low concentrations and is not the subject of pharmacological evaluation. The compound is strictly for research use in materials science applications.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro polymerization assays with SI-60, the following protocol is used: The monomer (e.g., an epoxy resin or vinyl ether) is mixed with SI-60 at a concentration of 0.5-5 wt% in a suitable solvent or as a neat formulation. The mixture is applied as a thin film onto a substrate and exposed to UV light (wavelength 250-400 nm, intensity 10-100 mW/cm²) for 1-10 minutes at room temperature. Alternatively, for thermal initiation, the mixture is heated to 40-80°C for 10-60 minutes. The polymerization progress is monitored by real-time FTIR spectroscopy, measuring the disappearance of the monomer's characteristic absorption peak (e.g., the epoxy ring at 910 cm⁻¹ or the vinyl ether C=C at 1620 cm⁻¹). The conversion percentage is calculated from the decrease in peak area relative to an internal reference. The curing kinetics can be analyzed using DSC to determine the enthalpy of polymerization and the activation energy. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer is determined by GPC. For photoinitiation efficiency studies, the quantum yield of the initiating species can be measured using chemical actinometry.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays with SI-60, the following typical protocol is used for biocompatibility testing of polymerized materials: Human dermal fibroblasts or other cell lines are cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS and antibiotics at 37°C in 5% CO₂. Cells are seeded in 96-well plates at 5,000-10,000 cells per well and allowed to adhere overnight. Polymer films prepared using SI-60 are sterilized by UV irradiation and placed in contact with the cell monolayer or extracted in culture medium for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using the MTT or CellTiter-Glo assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity of any leachable components. The morphology of cells in contact with the polymer is examined by phase-contrast microscopy. For assessment of SI-60 itself, cells are treated with the compound at concentrations of 0.1-100 μg/mL for 24-48 hours, and cell viability is measured. The compound's potential to induce oxidative stress or apoptosis can be assessed using DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry. These assays are used to evaluate the biocompatibility of SI-60-containing materials for biomedical applications.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo biocompatibility studies of materials polymerized using SI-60, the following general protocol is used: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-10 weeks old, 200-250 g) are anesthetized, and polymer samples prepared with SI-60 are implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Animals are monitored for clinical signs, body weight changes, and local tissue reactions at the implantation site for 7, 14, and 28 days post-implantation. At the end of the study, animals are euthanized, and the implant sites are excised for histopathological examination (H&E staining) to assess inflammation, fibrosis, and tissue integration. Blood samples are collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. For systemic toxicity assessment, animals are administered SI-60 orally or intraperitoneally at doses of 10-100 mg/kg, and clinical signs and mortality are monitored. However, such studies are not typically conducted for SI-60, as it is a chemical reagent rather than a pharmaceutical compound.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of SI-60 are not characterized, as the compound is a chemical initiator used in materials science and is not intended for systemic administration. The compound is not developed as a drug and does not have pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination in biological systems. If SI-60 were to be used in biomedical applications as part of a polymer formulation, the release of the compound or its degradation products from the polymer matrix would be evaluated in vitro rather than in vivo. The compound's solubility in organic solvents and its chemical reactivity are the primary physicochemical properties relevant to its use. SI-60 is expected to have low aqueous solubility due to its large hydrophobic aromatic structure and the presence of the sulfonium salt. It is typically dissolved in organic solvents such as DMSO or acetonitrile for formulation purposes.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of SI-60 is not extensively documented in the literature. As a sulfonium salt, SI-60 may exhibit irritant properties and should be handled with appropriate safety precautions in a fume hood with personal protective equipment. The compound is classified as a biochemical reagent for research use only and is not intended for human therapeutic or diagnostic applications. In polymerized form, the compound is expected to be trapped within the polymer matrix, minimizing exposure. However, unreacted SI-60 or its degradation products could potentially leach out and cause local irritation or cytotoxicity. In in vitro cytotoxicity assays, SI-60 may show dose-dependent toxicity at higher concentrations, consistent with its chemical reactivity. The compound should be stored in a dry, dark place at -20°C for long-term stability. For any biomedical application of SI-60-containing materials, comprehensive toxicology studies would be required to assess safety.
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| Additional Infomation |
SI-60 (CAS# 133152-67-7), also known as Sanaid SI-60, is an aromatic sulfonium salt used as a photoinitiator or thermal initiator for low-temperature thermosetting polymerization. It has a molecular formula of C18H17F6OSSb and a molecular weight of 517.14 g/mol. The compound is a biochemical reagent for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Future research could focus on developing new photoinitiators with improved efficiency and biocompatibility for biomedical applications, investigating the degradation products of SI-60-containing polymers, and exploring the use of SI-60 in the fabrication of drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds.
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| Molecular Formula |
C18H17F6OSSB
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
517.1434
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| Exact Mass |
515.994
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 41.81 H, 3.31 F, 22.04 O, 3.09 S, 6.20Sb, 23.54
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| CAS # |
133152-67-7
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| Related CAS # |
133152-67-7;133152-66-6 (cation);
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| PubChem CID |
19969039
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
361
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C[S+](CC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O.F[Sb-](F)(F)(F)(F)F
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| InChi Key |
PXXVSCQTLPRULB-UHFFFAOYSA-I
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H16OS.6FH.Sb/c1-20(17-11-9-16(19)10-12-17)13-15-7-4-6-14-5-2-3-8-18(14)15/h2-12H,13H2,1H36*1H/q+5/p-5
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| Chemical Name |
(4-hydroxyphenyl)(methyl)(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)sulfonium hexafluorostibate(V)
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| Synonyms |
Sanaid SI 60 Sanaid SI-60 Sanaid SI60 SI60 SI-60 SI 60
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9337 mL | 9.6686 mL | 19.3371 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3867 mL | 1.9337 mL | 3.8674 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1934 mL | 0.9669 mL | 1.9337 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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