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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Scarlet red does not have a specific molecular target in the context of pharmacology. As an azo dye, its primary application is as a coloring agent rather than a therapeutic agent. However, it has been used in histological staining for the detection of lipids and as a biological stain. In the context of toxicology, azo dyes can be metabolized by intestinal bacteria to release aromatic amines, some of which are known carcinogens. Scarlet red's mechanism of action is not related to receptor binding or enzyme inhibition but rather to its physical properties as a dye.
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| ln Vitro |
Scarlet red does not exhibit specific in vitro pharmacological activity. Its in vitro applications are primarily in histology and microscopy, where it is used as a fat-soluble dye to stain lipids in tissue sections. The compound's ability to dissolve in lipids and fats allows it to selectively stain lipid-containing structures. In cell culture, scarlet red may be used for staining purposes, but it is not evaluated for drug-like activity such as enzyme inhibition or receptor binding. Its in vitro properties are characterized by its absorbance maximum at 514.0-517.0 nm in THF.
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| ln Vivo |
Scarlet red is not a pharmacologically active compound and is not evaluated for in vivo therapeutic activity. Its in vivo effects are primarily related to its toxicity and metabolism rather than efficacy. When ingested, azo dyes like scarlet red can be reduced by intestinal microflora to generate aromatic amines, which may be absorbed and exert systemic effects. Some aromatic amines are known carcinogens, raising concerns about the safety of azo dyes. Scarlet red is not used as a therapeutic agent in animals or humans.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays are not applicable to scarlet red because it does not function as a drug candidate. However, the compound may be characterized by physicochemical methods such as UV-Vis spectroscopy to determine its absorbance spectrum, with a lambda max of 514.0-517.0 nm in THF. Purity analysis can be performed using HPLC, with a minimum purity of 90.0 area%. These assays confirm the identity and quality of the compound but do not measure pharmacological activity.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for scarlet red are not typically performed in the context of drug discovery. However, cytotoxicity assays may be conducted to assess the potential toxic effects of the dye on cultured cells. Standard assays such as MTT or neutral red uptake can be used to evaluate cell viability following exposure to scarlet red. The compound's ability to stain cellular lipids may also be assessed in cell culture models. These studies are primarily for safety assessment rather than therapeutic evaluation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for scarlet red are not conducted for therapeutic efficacy. However, toxicological studies may be performed to assess the safety of the dye as a food or cosmetic additive. Standard toxicology studies in rodents may include acute and subchronic oral administration to determine the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). Metabolism studies may also be conducted to identify the aromatic amines released upon reduction of the azo bond. These studies are important for regulatory assessment of the compound's safety.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Scarlet red is not a systemically absorbed drug and its pharmacokinetic properties are not well characterized. When ingested, azo dyes are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are largely excreted in the feces. However, a portion of the dye may be reduced by intestinal bacteria to aromatic amines, which can be absorbed and metabolized in the liver. The metabolites may be excreted in the urine. The pharmacokinetics of scarlet red are not relevant to therapeutic use, as the compound is not intended for systemic administration.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Scarlet red has been associated with potential toxicity due to its metabolism to aromatic amines, some of which are carcinogenic. The compound is not approved for use as a food additive in many countries due to safety concerns. It is classified as a primary irritant and may cause skin and eye irritation. In toxicological studies, azo dyes have been shown to induce tumors in animal models when administered at high doses. The use of scarlet red is strictly regulated to minimize human exposure.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Sudan IV is a diazo compound formed by substituting 2-naphthol at the 1-position with a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazo]phenyl}diazo group. It is a lipid-soluble dye primarily used for staining triglycerides in frozen sections, but may also be used to stain certain protein-bound lipids in paraffin sections. It can be used as a histological dye, fluorescent dye, and carcinogen. It is a diazo compound belonging to the naphthol and azobenzene classes. Its function is related to that of 2-naphthol.
Scarlet red is a synthetic azo dye with a long history of use as a coloring agent in various industries, including textiles, food, and cosmetics. It is also known as Sudan IV, C.I. Solvent Red 24, and Biebrich Scarlet BPC. The compound is used as a biological stain for lipids in histology. Due to safety concerns regarding the release of carcinogenic aromatic amines upon metabolism, the use of scarlet red in food and cosmetics is restricted in many countries. It is not a therapeutic agent and has no approved medical indications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C24H20N4O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
380.45
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| Exact Mass |
380.163
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| CAS # |
85-83-6
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| PubChem CID |
62330
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| Appearance |
Light brown to brown solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
618.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
199ºC
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| Flash Point |
424.4±20.8 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.645
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| LogP |
6.66
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
579
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
RCTGMCJBQGBLKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H20N4O/c1-16-7-3-6-10-21(16)26-25-19-12-13-22(17(2)15-19)27-28-24-20-9-5-4-8-18(20)11-14-23(24)29/h3-15,29H,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-[[2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl]diazenyl]naphthalen-2-ol
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| Synonyms |
NSC-10472; NSC 10472; Scarlet red
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~5 mg/mL (~13.14 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6285 mL | 13.1423 mL | 26.2847 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5257 mL | 2.6285 mL | 5.2569 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2628 mL | 1.3142 mL | 2.6285 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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