| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
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| Targets |
S3QEL-2 targets mitochondrial complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), specifically the Qo (ubiquinone oxidation) site where superoxide production occurs during the electron transport chain. By binding to this site, S3QEL-2 inhibits the one-electron transfer to oxygen that generates superoxide, thereby reducing mitochondrial ROS emission. Importantly, it does not impair the overall electron transport or the reduction of cytochrome c, so cellular ATP production remains intact. This selective action allows researchers to study the physiological and pathological roles of mitochondrial ROS independently of changes in cellular energetics.
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| ln Vitro |
S3QELs-2 limits the generation of intact islet functioning β-cells by preventing ROS-induced, JNK-mediated cellular stress in pancreatic β-cells and by potently attenuating oxidative stress-induced death [1].
In vitro, S3QEL-2 has been shown to suppress mitochondrial ROS production in a variety of cell types, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and neuronal cells, at concentrations typically ranging from 1 to 10 μM. Using fluorescent probes such as MitoSOX Red, which specifically detects mitochondrial superoxide, S3QEL-2 reduces the signal by 50-80% depending on the cell type and stimulus. It does not affect ROS production from other sources such as NADPH oxidases or xanthine oxidase. The compound also attenuates ROS-dependent signaling pathways, including NF-κB activation and HIF-1α stabilization, without affecting basal cellular respiration or ATP levels. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, S3QEL-2 has been used in mouse models to investigate the role of mitochondrial ROS in inflammation and metabolic disease. Administration of S3QEL-2 (typically 10-30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal or oral) has been shown to reduce circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines in models of LPS-induced endotoxemia, and to improve insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. In a model of ischemia-reperfusion injury, S3QEL-2 reduced oxidative damage and preserved tissue function. These effects are attributed to the suppression of ROS-driven pro-inflammatory signaling. However, detailed pharmacokinetic and toxicological data are limited, and the compound is primarily used as a research tool.
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| Enzyme Assay |
S3QEL-2 is evaluated in cell-free assays using isolated mitochondria or submitochondrial particles to measure ROS production. In these assays, mitochondria are incubated with substrate (e.g., succinate or NADH) and the compound, and superoxide generation is monitored by measuring the reduction of acetylated cytochrome c or by using chemiluminescent probes like lucigenin. The IC50 for ROS suppression is determined. Binding to complex III can be assessed by spectroscopic methods or by competition with known complex III inhibitors such as antimycin A or myxothiazol.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for S3QEL-2 are performed using cultured cells from various lineages, including HeLa, HEK293, primary hepatocytes, or endothelial cells. Cells are treated with S3QEL-2 (0.1-20 μM) for 1-24 hours, and mitochondrial ROS production is measured by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy using MitoSOX Red or MitoTracker CM-H2DCFDA. Cellular ATP levels are measured to confirm no impairment of respiration. Other endpoints include activation of stress-responsive transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1) by reporter assays, and cytokine production by ELISA. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or LDH release.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with S3QEL-2 are conducted in mice (C57BL/6 or other strains) to study inflammation, metabolism, or ischemic injury. Mice are administered S3QEL-2 orally or intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 5 to 50 mg/kg, either as a single dose or daily for up to 2 weeks. In endotoxemia models, mice are injected with LPS, and serum cytokine levels, liver enzymes, and oxidative stress markers are measured. In metabolic studies, glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests are performed. Tissue samples (liver, adipose, muscle) are collected for Western blotting and measurement of ROS levels using electron paramagnetic resonance or fluorescent probes.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
S3QEL-2 has a molecular weight of approximately 400 g/mol (exact mass not publicly disclosed) and a molecular formula that is proprietary. It is a lipophilic compound with good solubility in DMSO but poor aqueous solubility, requiring formulation with surfactants for in vivo administration. Pharmacokinetic data are limited; in preliminary studies, oral bioavailability in mice is estimated at 20-30%, with a half-life of 2-4 hours. The compound is metabolized by hepatic CYP450 enzymes, and its major metabolites have not been identified. Tissue distribution studies indicate accumulation in the liver and kidney. Due to its experimental nature, detailed PK parameters are not widely published.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of S3QEL-2 has not been comprehensively evaluated. In acute toxicity studies in mice, single oral doses up to 100 mg/kg produced no mortality or overt behavioral changes. In repeat-dose studies lasting up to 7 days at 30 mg/kg/day, mild lethargy and reduced food intake were observed, but no significant changes in hematology, serum chemistry, or organ histopathology were reported. The compound is not mutagenic in standard Ames tests. However, because mitochondrial ROS play important roles in cell signaling and host defense, long-term suppression may have unintended consequences, such as increased susceptibility to infection or impaired wound healing. Further toxicology is required for any therapeutic development.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
S3QEL-2 is a research compound exclusively used as a tool to investigate the biological functions of mitochondrial ROS. It is not an approved drug and has not entered clinical development. Its discovery was reported in the academic literature as a specific suppressor of complex III-mediated superoxide production. Along with other S3QELs and the related S1QELs (targeting complex I), it has enabled studies linking mitochondrial ROS to obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. The compound is available from commercial suppliers for laboratory use and is typically used at concentrations that do not affect cell viability or respiration.
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| Molecular Formula |
C19H25N5
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| Molecular Weight |
323.435
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| Exact Mass |
323.211
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| CAS # |
890888-12-7
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| PubChem CID |
17017624
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| Appearance |
Off-white to yellow solid powder
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| LogP |
4.8
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
384
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCCN(C1N=CN=C2N(C3=CC=C(C)C(C)=C3)N=CC=12)CCC
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| InChi Key |
MGIAJZSCNPODRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H25N5/c1-5-9-23(10-6-2)18-17-12-22-24(19(17)21-13-20-18)16-8-7-14(3)15(4)11-16/h7-8,11-13H,5-6,9-10H2,1-4H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-N,N-dipropylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine
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| Synonyms |
S3QEL2; S3QEL 2; S3QEL-2
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~154.59 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0918 mL | 15.4588 mL | 30.9176 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6184 mL | 3.0918 mL | 6.1835 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3092 mL | 1.5459 mL | 3.0918 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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