| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(S)-Willardiine targets AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) and kainate receptors, which are ionotropic glutamate receptors mediating fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It acts as an agonist, binding to these receptors and activating them, thereby mimicking the action of the endogenous neurotransmitter glutamate. The compound has an EC₅0 of 44.8 microM for AMPA/kainate receptors.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, (S)-Willardiine acts as an agonist at AMPA and kainate receptors with an EC₅0 of 44.8 microM. It causes a rapid but incomplete desensitization response in receptor activation assays. Calcium ions (Ca2+) at a concentration of 1.8 mM can inhibit willardiine (100 microM)-induced currents by 50%. These properties make it a useful tool for studying the kinetics and pharmacology of AMPA and kainate receptor activation and desensitization.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of (S)-Willardiine are limited, as it is primarily used as a research tool in electrophysiological and pharmacological assays. As an AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, it could be used in animal models to study the role of these receptors in learning, memory, and neurological disorders. However, its application is typically restricted to in vitro or ex vivo preparations due to its rapid metabolism and potential for excitotoxicity. Further studies are needed to evaluate its in vivo effects and potential therapeutic applications.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays, (S)-Willardiine can be evaluated using radioligand binding studies with membranes expressing AMPA or kainate receptors. Competition binding experiments using a labeled receptor ligand, such as [3H]-AMPA or [3H]-kainate, can determine the compound's affinity for the receptor. Functional activity is assessed using electrophysiological recordings, such as patch-clamp or two-electrode voltage-clamp, in oocytes or cell lines expressing the receptors. Dose-response curves are generated to determine EC₅0 values.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular experiments, (S)-Willardiine is typically tested in neurons or cell lines expressing AMPA and kainate receptors, such as primary neuronal cultures or HEK293 cells transfected with receptor subunits. Cells are cultured in appropriate media and treated with various concentrations of the compound. Receptor activation is measured using calcium-sensitive dyes, electrophysiological recordings, or membrane potential-sensitive dyes. The compound's effects on receptor desensitization and synaptic transmission are further investigated.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, (S)-Willardiine can be administered to rodents via various routes, including intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection or local infusion into specific brain regions, to study the effects of AMPA/kainate receptor activation on behavior and physiology. Typical doses may range from microgram to milligram quantities depending on the study objectives. Behavioral assays, such as those measuring learning, memory, or seizure activity, can be used to assess the functional consequences of receptor activation.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of (S)-Willardiine are not extensively characterized in the literature. As a small, polar amino acid with a molecular weight of 199.16, it is expected to have limited oral bioavailability and poor blood-brain barrier penetration. When administered systemically, the compound would likely be rapidly cleared by the kidneys and metabolized by various enzymes. Its half-life in circulation would be short. For central nervous system studies, direct administration into the brain is typically required.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for (S)-Willardiine are limited, as it is primarily a research tool. As an AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, it can cause excitotoxicity at high concentrations by overactivating glutamate receptors, leading to neuronal cell death. Standard toxicological assessments would include cytotoxicity screening in neuronal cell lines. As with all research chemicals, appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling (S)-Willardiine, including the use of personal protective equipment.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine is a 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine. It is a non-protein L-α-amino acid and a derivative of L-alanine. Functionally, it is related to uracil. It is a zwitterion tautomer of 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine. Willadine is a compound isolated from the seeds of Acacia willariana. Willadine has also been reported to exist in Mimosa aspera, Mariosousa millefolia, and several other organisms with relevant data.
(S)-Willardiine is a research compound used to study AMPA and kainate receptor biology. No clinical trials or regulatory approvals have been reported for this compound as a therapeutic agent. It is available from various chemical suppliers for research purposes only. The compound is a valuable tool for investigating the role of AMPA/kainate receptors in synaptic transmission, plasticity, and neurological disorders. It is also known as L-willardiine and is a natural product found in Acacia and Mimosa seeds. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H9N3O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
199.16406
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| Exact Mass |
199.059
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| CAS # |
21416-43-3
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| PubChem CID |
440053
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.501 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.543
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| LogP |
-4.4
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
312
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
FACUYWPMDKTVFU-BYPYZUCNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H9N3O4/c8-4(6(12)13)3-10-2-1-5(11)9-7(10)14/h1-2,4H,3,8H2,(H,12,13)(H,9,11,14)/t4-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-3-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.0211 mL | 25.1054 mL | 50.2109 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0042 mL | 5.0211 mL | 10.0422 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5021 mL | 2.5105 mL | 5.0211 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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