| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Parasitic helminths (Schistosoma spp., tapeworms, flukes)
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| ln Vitro |
R-Praziquantel is the eutomer responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of racemic praziquantel. The compound acts by inducing tegumental vacuolization and disintegration in parasitic worms, leading to antigen exposure and subsequent host immune responses. In vitro activity has been demonstrated against newly transformed schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni. The compound's mechanism involves disruption of calcium homeostasis in the parasite, leading to muscle contraction and paralysis, followed by tegumental damage and host immune-mediated elimination. R-Praziquantel shows a clinically lower relative exposure when administered as the pure enantiomer compared with the racemic form due to enantiomer-enantiomer interactions on CYP450 enzymes, which affect the metabolism of the active enantiomer.
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| Enzyme Assay |
CYP reaction phenotyping assays using 10 recombinant CYP isoenzymes show that hepatic CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, and 3A5 are the major enzymes involved in PZQ metabolism. Enzyme kinetic studies are performed by substrate depletion and metabolite formation methods, incubating PZQ and its R- or S-enantiomers in human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP enzymes. Competitive inhibition between enantiomers for CYP2C9, 2C19, 3A4, and 3A5 has been revealed, explaining the enantiomer-enantiomer interactions that affect the pharmacokinetics of the pure enantiomer compared with the racemic mixture.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays are conducted using hepatocytes to study enantioselective metabolism. In vitro metabolite profiling studies reveal the formation of multiple metabolites per P450, with observed interconversion of cis-4'-OH-PZQ to trans-4'-OH-PZQ in human hepatocytes. Substrate depletion approaches are applied to study enantiomer-enantiomer interactions on P450 enzymes, providing insights into the metabolic pathways that differ between the R- and S-enantiomers and their impact on the overall pharmacokinetic profile of the compound.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies are conducted in mouse models of Schistosoma mansoni infection to evaluate efficacy. Human studies include clinical trials investigating the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and safety of R-praziquantel formulations in healthy volunteers and infected patients. The AMARANTH trial (NCT02245737) evaluated lanabecestat, and separate trials have investigated R-praziquantel for schistosomiasis. Phase 3 studies have compared the efficacy of R-praziquantel with racemic praziquantel in terms of cure rates and egg eradication rates for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic parameters of R-praziquantel show dose-normalized AUC∞ of 186.9 ng·h/mL, Cmax of 56.6 ng/mL, half-life of approximately 2.0 hours, and Tmax of 3.5 hours. The compound is metabolized primarily by CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, whereas S-PZQ is metabolized mainly by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Competitive inhibition between enantiomers for CYP2C9, 2C19, 3A4, and 3A5 has been revealed, explaining the enantiomer-enantiomer interactions that affect the pharmacokinetics of the pure enantiomer compared with the racemic mixture. R-Praziquantel shows a clinically lower relative exposure when administered as the pure enantiomer compared with the racemic form due to these interactions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for R-praziquantel are derived from the long-standing safety profile of racemic praziquantel, which has been used clinically for decades. The S-enantiomer is known to be responsible for the bitter taste and may contribute to adverse effects. R-PZQ specific formulations are under development to improve tolerability and efficacy. Clinical trials have demonstrated that R-praziquantel is generally well-tolerated, with a safety profile comparable to or better than the racemic mixture.
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| Additional Infomation |
(R)-Praziquantel is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT02271984 (a trial of the relative bioavailability of L-praziquantel in healthy volunteers).
R-Praziquantel is in clinical development as an enantiomerically pure formulation for the treatment of schistosomiasis and other parasitic worm infections. It has been investigated in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections. The compound represents an improvement over racemic praziquantel by eliminating the less active and bitter-tasting S-enantiomer. According to a 2023 meta-analysis and systematic review, PZQ efficacy has remained high over the past 40 years, and there is no consistent evidence for the emergence of PZQ resistance in schistosomes. The compound has been evaluated by the EMA, which has reviewed data on arpraziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C19H24N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
312.41
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| Exact Mass |
312.184
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| CAS # |
57452-98-9
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| PubChem CID |
445900
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
2.41
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
472
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
O=C1CN(C(C2CCCCC2)=O)C[C@]3([H])N1CCC4=C3C=CC=C4
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| InChi Key |
FSVJFNAIGNNGKK-KRWDZBQOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H24N2O2/c22-18-13-20(19(23)15-7-2-1-3-8-15)12-17-16-9-5-4-6-14(16)10-11-21(17)18/h4-6,9,15,17H,1-3,7-8,10-13H2/t17-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
C19H24N2O2
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| Synonyms |
R-Praziquantel (R) PZQ (R)-PZQ (R)PZQ (R)-PraziquantelArpraziquantel l-Praziquantel
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2009 mL | 16.0046 mL | 32.0092 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6402 mL | 3.2009 mL | 6.4018 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3201 mL | 1.6005 mL | 3.2009 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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