| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Raluridine targets the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, inhibiting its activity and thereby preventing viral replication. As a nucleoside analog, it is phosphorylated intracellularly to its active triphosphate form, which competes with natural nucleotides for incorporation into the growing viral DNA chain, causing chain termination.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Raluridine demonstrates potent antiviral activity against HIV with an IC50 of 1.8 μM. Comparative studies show that its potency is similar to other nucleoside analogs, with corresponding IC50 values of 0.10 μM for FLT (3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine) and 0.23 μM for other reference compounds. The compound is active against most HIV strains and can suppress viral load. It also inhibits hepatic metabolism of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Raluridine was evaluated in clinical studies for the treatment of HIV infection. The compound demonstrated the ability to suppress viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C as well. Safety and pharmacokinetics of Raluridine were assessed in human subjects. However, clinical development was not ultimately successful, and the compound is not currently marketed as an antiviral therapy.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free reverse transcriptase inhibition assays for Raluridine use purified HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, a template-primer (e.g., poly(rA)-oligo(dT)), and radiolabeled or fluorescent nucleotides. Various concentrations of Raluridine triphosphate (the active form) are incubated with the enzyme and substrates for 30-60 minutes at 37°C. The amount of incorporated nucleotide is measured, and IC50 values are calculated from inhibition curves. The compound's ability to inhibit the enzyme is compared to reference inhibitors such as AZT triphosphate.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular antiviral assays are performed using HIV-susceptible cell lines such as MT-4 or CEM cells. Cells are infected with HIV at a defined multiplicity of infection and treated with Raluridine at concentrations ranging from 0.01-100 μM. After 3-7 days of culture, viral replication is measured by HIV p24 antigen ELISA, reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatants, or cytopathic effect reduction. IC50 values are calculated from dose-response curves. Cytotoxicity is assessed in parallel using uninfected cells to determine the selectivity index (IC50/CC50).
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo efficacy studies of Raluridine were conducted in animal models of HIV infection, including SCID-hu mouse models or non-human primates. Dosing regimens were established based on pharmacokinetic data from preclinical studies. Viral load suppression was monitored by measuring plasma viral RNA levels. Pharmacodynamic studies assessed the relationship between drug exposure and antiviral effect. Clinical trials in humans evaluated the compound's safety, tolerability, and efficacy in HIV-infected patients.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic studies of Raluridine in humans and preclinical species show that the compound is administered orally. As a nucleoside analog, it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to various tissues. The compound is phosphorylated intracellularly to its active triphosphate metabolite. Elimination occurs via renal excretion and metabolic pathways. Specific PK parameters such as half-life, Cmax, Tmax, and bioavailability were determined in clinical studies. The compound's interaction with cytochrome P450 enzymes suggests potential for drug-drug interactions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology studies of Raluridine were conducted as part of its clinical development program. As a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, potential toxicities include mitochondrial toxicity, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic effects. The compound was evaluated in standard preclinical toxicology studies (acute, subchronic, and chronic) in rodents and non-human primates. Safety data from clinical trials informed the risk-benefit assessment. The compound's development was discontinued due to clinical safety or efficacy concerns, though specific details are limited in publicly available sources.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Raluridine has been used in trials investigating the treatment of HIV infection.
Raluridine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that was under clinical investigation for HIV infection. It was also found to have activity against hepatitis B and C viruses. The compound was developed as part of efforts to identify new antiretroviral agents with improved efficacy and resistance profiles. Raluridine is not currently approved for clinical use and is available only for research purposes. Its development history contributes to the understanding of nucleoside analog design and the challenges of antiviral drug development. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H10CLFN2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
264.6374
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| Exact Mass |
264.031
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| CAS # |
119644-22-3
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| PubChem CID |
451480
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.588
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| LogP |
-0.75
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
389
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
C1[C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]1N2C=C(C(=O)NC2=O)Cl)CO)F
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| InChi Key |
WKVDSZYIGHLONN-RRKCRQDMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H10ClFN2O4/c10-4-2-13(9(16)12-8(4)15)7-1-5(11)6(3-14)17-7/h2,5-7,14H,1,3H2,(H,12,15,16)/t5-,6+,7+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
5-chloro-1-[(2R,4S,5R)-4-fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione
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| Synonyms |
BW-935U-83; 935U-83; Raluridine
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~250 mg/mL (~944.68 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7787 mL | 18.8936 mL | 37.7872 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7557 mL | 3.7787 mL | 7.5574 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3779 mL | 1.8894 mL | 3.7787 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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