| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Quinocetone's primary target is bacterial DNA synthesis. As a quinoxaline-N,N-dioxide derivative, it interferes with the replication and transcription of bacterial DNA, leading to the inhibition of bacterial growth and ultimately cell death. Its mechanism of action is similar to other quinoxaline antibiotics, which are known to cause DNA damage in bacteria.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Quinocetone exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against a variety of intestinal pathogenic bacteria. It inhibits the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity is assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against various bacterial strains. It also shows potential anti-tumor activity in preclinical studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Quinocetone is used as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency and control dysentery in food-producing animals, including pigs, poultry, and aquatic products. It significantly reduces the incidence of diarrhea in livestock and poultry. It promotes growth and increases feed conversion rate. It has been developed as an antidiarrheal growth promotion drug.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro antibacterial activity of Quinocetone is assessed using the broth microdilution method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Serial two-fold dilutions of the compound are prepared in a 96-well plate. A standardized bacterial inoculum (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus) is added to each well, and the plate is incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined as the lowest concentration of the compound that prevents visible bacterial growth. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) can be determined by subculturing wells with no visible growth onto agar plates.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular assays, bacterial cells are cultured in appropriate liquid media (e.g., Mueller-Hinton broth for Gram-negative bacteria, tryptic soy broth for Gram-positive bacteria) at 37°C with shaking. Cells are treated with various concentrations of Quinocetone (typically ranging from 0.1 to 100 µg/mL) for different time periods (e.g., 2-8 hours). The effect on DNA synthesis can be assessed by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine or by using the BrdU incorporation assay. The induction of DNA damage can be assessed by the comet assay or by measuring the expression of DNA repair genes.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo, Quinocetone is administered to livestock through their feed at specific concentrations (e.g., 25-75 mg/kg of feed). Its efficacy is evaluated by measuring the reduction in the incidence of diarrhea, the improvement in weight gain, and the feed conversion rate. The effect on the intestinal microbiota can be assessed by analyzing the bacterial composition of fecal samples.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Specific pharmacokinetic data for Quinocetone is not detailed in the provided search results. As a veterinary drug administered through feed, it is expected to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to various tissues. Its metabolism and excretion would require further investigation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity data for Quinocetone is not available in the provided search results. As a veterinary drug, its safety for the target animals has been established through regulatory approval processes. It is not approved for human use. Potential toxicity may include effects on the liver, kidney, and reproductive system, as seen with some other quinoxaline derivatives.
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| Additional Infomation |
Quinocetone is a veterinary drug developed in China for use as a feed additive in livestock, poultry, and fish. It is an example of a quinoxaline-N,N-dioxide antimicrobial agent used to improve growth performance and control bacterial infections in food-producing animals. Its use highlights the importance of antimicrobial agents in animal agriculture, as well as the need for careful regulation to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.
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| Molecular Formula |
C18H14N2O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
306.31536
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| Exact Mass |
306.1
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| CAS # |
81810-66-4
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| PubChem CID |
5387181
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| Appearance |
White to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
576.9±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
183-188ºC
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| Flash Point |
302.7±32.9 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.625
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| LogP |
1.45
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
547
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C(C1[N+]([O-])=C2C(C=CC=C2)=[N+]([O-])C=1C)C=CC1C=CC=CC=1
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| InChi Key |
IOKWXGMNRWVQHX-VAWYXSNFSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H14N2O3/c1-13-18(17(21)12-11-14-7-3-2-4-8-14)20(23)16-10-6-5-9-15(16)19(13)22/h2-12H,1H3/b12-11+
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| Chemical Name |
(E)-1-(3-methyl-4-oxido-1-oxoquinoxalin-1-ium-2-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~326.46 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2646 mL | 16.3228 mL | 32.6456 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6529 mL | 3.2646 mL | 6.5291 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3265 mL | 1.6323 mL | 3.2646 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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