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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Bacterial; Prussian blue insoluble acts as an adsorbent rather than a conventional receptor-targeted drug. Its primary mechanism of action for detoxification involves ion-exchange adsorption, where insoluble Prussian blue sequesters monovalent cations like cesium (Cs⁺) and thallium (Tl⁺) from the gastrointestinal tract. The ferric ferrocyanide lattice has a structure that allows potassium ions to be replaced by these toxic metal ions, forming insoluble complexes that are not absorbed systemically and are eliminated in the feces. In cancer research, Prussian blue nanoparticles exhibit photothermal properties and can act as pH-responsive drug carriers. The antibacterial properties stem from its ability to act as a metabolic indicator, with bacterial metabolism causing a visible color change from blue to colorless.
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| ln Vitro |
Prussian blue insoluble (ferric ferrocyanide) (0.1-3.0μg/mL; 24 hours; HUVEC) decreases cell survival by a photothermal action [1]. Prussian blue insoluble, also known as ferric ferrocyanide (0.07 mM; 0–24 hours), is a metabolic indicator that is evident as it turns from blue to colorless due to bacterial metabolism [2].
In vitro studies show that Prussian blue insoluble (0.1-3.0 μg/mL; 24 hours) decreases the survival of HUVEC cells via a photothermal action. The compound (0.07 mM; 0-24 hours) serves as a metabolic indicator, as bacterial metabolism reduces it, producing a visible color change from blue to colorless. Prussian blue nanoparticles have also been explored as pH-responsive drug carriers for combined photothermal-chemo treatment of cancer. The nanoparticles exhibit good biocompatibility and can be functionalized for targeted drug delivery applications. |
| ln Vivo |
Prussian blue insoluble (iron(III) ferrocyanide; 3 g/day; oral; 8 days; rats) is utilized as a treatment therapy for thallium and radioactive cesium poisoning [3].
In vivo, Prussian blue insoluble is administered orally (3 g/day; for 8 days) in rats as a therapeutic agent for radiocesium and thallium poisoning. This treatment significantly increases the excretion of cesium-134. The compound is not absorbed systemically due to its insolubility, acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract to bind and eliminate toxic metal ions. It has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of thallium and radioactive cesium poisoning. In cancer research, Prussian blue nanoparticles have been investigated for their potential as photothermal therapeutic agents in vivo. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Cell viability assays are performed using HUVEC cells treated with Prussian blue insoluble at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 μg/mL for 24 hours. Cell viability is assessed, and the photothermal effect is evaluated by exposing the cells to NIR laser irradiation. For bacterial detection, the compound is used at 0.07 mM, and the color change from blue to colorless due to bacterial metabolic reduction is monitored over 0-24 hours. These protocols are for research purposes only and have not been independently validated by all suppliers.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell viability assay [1]
Cell Types: HUVEC Tested Concentrations: 24 hrs (hours) Incubation Duration: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 μg/mL Experimental Results: Cell viability diminished with the extension of NIR laser irradiation time |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Rat[3]
Doses: 3 g/day Route of Administration: po (po (oral gavage)) 8-day Experimental Results: Increased excretion of cesium-134. Animal studies typically use rat models. The animals are administered Prussian blue insoluble via oral gavage (p.o.) at a dosage of 3 g/day for 8 days. The primary endpoint is the measurement of radioactive cesium or thallium excretion in feces, which is significantly increased following treatment. This protocol is used to evaluate the efficacy of the compound as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning. All procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care guidelines and are for research use only. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Prussian blue insoluble is characterized by very low oral bioavailability due to its insolubility in water and most biological fluids. It is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and acts locally to bind cesium and thallium ions. The compound is excreted unchanged in the feces along with the bound metal ions. It is practically insoluble in dilute acids and most organic solvents, which contributes to its lack of systemic absorption. The half-life in the body is primarily determined by gastrointestinal transit time rather than metabolic clearance, as the compound does not enter systemic circulation.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Prussian blue is generally considered a non-toxic pigment. The insoluble form is not absorbed systemically, minimizing the risk of systemic toxicity. However, gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation, fecal impaction, and discoloration of the stool may occur. It is contraindicated in patients with intestinal obstruction. Long-term use may lead to electrolyte disturbances, particularly hypokalemia, due to the binding of potassium ions in the gut. The compound is not recommended for use in patients with known hypersensitivity to ferric ferrocyanide or its components.
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| References |
[1]. Chen HJ, et, al. Facile synthesis of Prussian blue nanoparticles as pH-responsive drug carriers for combined photothermal-chemo treatment of cancer. RCS advances. 2016 Oct 9; 7:248-255.
[2]. Ferrer-Vilanova A, et, al. Electrochromogenic Detection of Live Bacteria Using Soluble and Insoluble Prussian Blue. ACS Omega. 2021 Nov 11;6(46):30989-30997. [3]. Thompson DF, et, al. Soluble or insoluble prussian blue for radiocesium and thallium poisoning? Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Sep;38(9):1509-14. [4]. Busquets MA, et, al. Prussian blue nanoparticles: synthesis, surface modification, and biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today. 2020 Aug;25(8):1431-1443. |
| Additional Infomation |
Toxicological data are primarily derived from its use as an FDA-approved antidote for thallium and radioactive cesium poisoning. The compound is also known as Iron(III) ferrocyanide or Milori blue. It is considered a good adsorbent and has anticancer and antibacterial properties. Prussian blue insoluble materials are used as contrast agents, antidotes, and in cancer-related research. The compound is supplied as a solid powder and should be stored at room temperature in a sealed, dry environment. It is for research use only and not for human therapeutic use outside approved indications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C18FE7N18
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
859.2282
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| Exact Mass |
859.599
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| CAS # |
14038-43-8
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.8
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| Boiling Point |
25.7ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Vapour Pressure |
740mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
0.284
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| SMILES |
[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-]
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1638 mL | 5.8192 mL | 11.6383 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2328 mL | 1.1638 mL | 2.3277 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1164 mL | 0.5819 mL | 1.1638 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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