| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
1-Thio-beta-D-galactose sodium salt is an inhibitor of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), an enzyme that cleaves terminal beta-linked galactose residues. The thio-sugar is resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis (as the sulfur does not serve as a leaving group), allowing it to act as a competitive inhibitor. It also interacts with galactose-binding lectins (e.g., ricin, E. coli toxin) by mimicking the natural sugar.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 1-thio-beta-D-galactose is used as an inhibitor of beta-galactosidase in enzymatic assays, with a Ki typically in the low millimolar range. It is also used to study bacterial adherence mediated by galactose-specific lectins. At 1-50 mM, it blocks the binding of E. coli or ricin to galactose receptors. It is not cytotoxic up to 50 mM.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, the compound has potential applications in blocking bacterial colonization (e.g., E. coli adherence to bladder or intestinal mucosa) by saturating galactose-binding lectins on the bacterial surface. It has been studied in animal models of urinary tract infection and toxin-mediated disease (e.g., ricin poisoning). It has low oral bioavailability.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For beta-galactosidase inhibition assays, recombinant E. coli beta-galactosidase (0.1 U/mL) is incubated with the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FDG, 10-100 uM) or 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (MUG, 100 uM) in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.3 at 37degC. 1-thio-beta-D-galactose sodium salt (0.1-50 mM) is pre-incubated with the enzyme for 5 min. Fluorescence (Ex/Em 485/535 nm for FDG, 360/460 nm for MUG) is measured over time. Ki is determined by Dixon plot. For lectin binding assays, lectin-coated plates are incubated with biotinylated 1-thio-beta-D-galactose, and binding is detected by streptavidin-HRP.
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| Cell Assay |
For bacterial adherence assays, E. coli (clinical isolates, 10⁸ CFU) are incubated with 1-thio-beta-D-galactose sodium salt (1-100 mM) for 30 min before being added to human bladder epithelial cells (T24, 1 × 10⁵ cells/well) in 24-well plates. After 2 hours, unbound bacteria are washed off, and adherent bacteria are quantified by CFU plating or by crystal violet staining of bacterial DNA. For toxicity, cells are treated with 1-100 mM for 24-48 hours; IC₅0 > 100 mM.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo models of urinary tract infection (UTI), female C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks) are transurethrally inoculated with 5 × 10⁷ CFU of E. coli (UTI89). 1-Thio-beta-D-galactose sodium salt is administered via intravesical instillation (50-200 mM in 50 uL PBS) or orally (500-2000 mg/kg) daily for 3-5 days. Bladders are harvested, homogenized, and plated to determine bacterial load. For oral gavage, 1-2 g/kg is used. For ricin toxin neutralization, mice are challenged with ricin (2 × LD₅0), and 1-thio-beta-D-galactose (500-1000 mg/kg) is administered intraperitoneally before or after toxin. Survival is monitored.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
1-Thio-beta-D-galactose sodium salt is highly water-soluble (>100 mg/mL). After oral administration, it is poorly absorbed (<10%). It is not metabolized significantly and is excreted unchanged in feces. After intraperitoneal or intravenous administration, it is rapidly cleared by the kidneys (t½ 0.5-1 hour) and excreted in urine. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Low toxicity; acute oral LD₅0 > 5000 mg/kg. In vivo, high doses (2-4 g/kg) may cause osmotic diarrhea. No skin or eye irritation. No genotoxicity. Standard laboratory safety precautions. Not for human use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
1-Thio-beta-D-galactose sodium salt is a research-grade biochemical reagent for glycobiology studies. It is not an FDA-approved drug. It is used as an inhibitor of beta-galactosidase, as a ligand for lectin binding, and to block bacterial adherence and toxin binding. For research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H11NAO5S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
218.20
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| CAS # |
42891-22-5
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| Melting Point |
145-150ºC dec.
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| LogP |
0
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| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)[S-])O)O)O)O.[Na+]
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| Synonyms |
1-Thio-β-D-galactose sodium salt
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.5830 mL | 22.9148 mL | 45.8295 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9166 mL | 4.5830 mL | 9.1659 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4583 mL | 2.2915 mL | 4.5830 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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