| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The non-deuterated parent compound, Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate, stimulates GPR39 receptors to initiate intracellular calcium signaling, independently of Zn2+ binding sites. It is a conjugated and sulfated bile acid that regulates GPR39 activity. The deuterated version (d4) is chemically identical in terms of binding and activity, but the deuterium labels serve as internal standards for quantification.
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| ln Vitro |
Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs[1].
The specific in vitro activity for the deuterated compound (Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate-d4) is not described, as it is a tracer. However, the non-deuterated parent molecule, Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate, activates GPR39 receptors to initiate intracellular calcium signaling. It has been shown to be important in HIV infection and gallbladder disease research. As the deuterated tracer is used to track the parent molecule, it is assumed to have identical biological properties. |
| ln Vivo |
The specific in vivo activity for the deuterated compound is not described. However, the non-deuterated parent molecule, Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate, is used in vivo for the research of HIV infection and gallbladder disease. As an isotopologue, the d4 version is designed to be an internal standard in mass spectrometry to accurately quantify the levels of the endogenous non-deuterated compound in various animal models of disease.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Not applicable. Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate-d4 disodium is an analytical standard for mass spectrometry and is not typically used in cell-free enzyme assays. Its utility is as a tracer in LC-MS/MS methods. For its non-deuterated form, radioligand binding assays can be performed to characterize its affinity for GPR39. Procedure: Membranes from cells expressing human GPR39 are incubated with [3H]GLCA-3S (the tritiated version) and varying concentrations of unlabeled Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate. The incubation is performed at 25degC for 60 minutes. Bound radioligand is separated by filtration and counted.
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| Cell Assay |
Not applicable. The deuterated form is used as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS analysis of cell lysates or culture media, not for studying direct biological activity on cells. However, its non-deuterated parent can be used in cell-based assays. Procedure: HEK-293 cells expressing human GPR39 are seeded in 96-well plates. Cells are loaded with a calcium-sensitive dye (e.g., Fluo-4-AM) for 60 minutes. The cells are then treated with various concentrations (1 pM to 1 microM) of Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate. Calcium influx is measured using a fluorescence plate reader (excitation 485 nm, emission 525 nm). The EC50 for GPR39 activation is calculated from the dose-response curve.
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| Animal Protocol |
The compound, as an internal standard, is used in mouse models for pharmacokinetic or biomarker studies. Procedure: A mouse is administered a dose of the non-deuterated parent drug (Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate). At various time points (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24h), blood is collected via tail snip or cardiac puncture. Plasma is separated by centrifugation. To a 100 microL aliquot of plasma, a known amount of the deuterated internal standard (Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate-d4) is added. Proteins are precipitated with acetonitrile, and the sample is analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The ratio of the parent compound peak to the internal standard peak is used to calculate the concentration of the drug in the plasma.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The specific pharmacokinetic profile of the deuterated version would be nearly identical to its non-deuterated parent, Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate, due to its use as an internal standard. The use of stable isotopes (like deuterium) is a well-established technique for creating internal standards because they are chemically identical to the analyte but have a different mass, allowing for precise quantification by mass spectrometry. This method corrects for any variability in sample preparation or instrument performance.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicology data for the deuterated compound is not provided. As a stable isotope-labeled tracer, it is used at extremely low concentrations (nanomolar to micromolar) for analytical purposes and does not pose a significant toxicological risk at these levels. The parent bile acid, however, may have biological effects at high concentrations. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling bile acid derivatives and organic solvents should be followed.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate is a specific agonist of the GPR39 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor that is a member of the ghrelin receptor family. It is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver, and is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as gastrointestinal motility. The discovery of its role in HIV infection suggests that it may also be involved in viral entry or immune modulation. The d4 isotopologue serves as a critical analytical tool for quantifying this bile acid in complex biological matrices. This product is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C26H37D4NNA2O7S
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| Molecular Weight |
561.68
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Methanol : ~5 mg/mL (~8.90 mM; with heating and sonication)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7804 mL | 8.9019 mL | 17.8037 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3561 mL | 1.7804 mL | 3.5607 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1780 mL | 0.8902 mL | 1.7804 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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