| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Piperazine acts as a GABA receptor agonist on nematode parasites. It binds directly to GABA-gated chloride channels in nematode muscle, causing hyperpolarization and flaccid paralysis of the worm, which is then expelled from the host by peristalsis. This mechanism is selective for invertebrate GABA receptors, with little effect on mammalian GABA receptors. Piperazine hexahydrate does not have a target in human cells; it is an anthelmintic drug used to treat intestinal worm infections (ascariasis and enterobiasis).
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| ln Vitro |
Piperazine (0.01-0.1 mM) slightly inhibits nematodes development compared to control. Piperazine (1 μM) reduces the total brood size of the nematodes. Piperazine increases the percentage of zebrafish with developmental delay in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Piperazine is attractive solvent for CO2 capture, and the facile Piperazine liberation may contribute to its relatively high CO2 absorption rate[2].
In vitro, piperazine is anthelmintic, causing paralysis of parasitic nematodes such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis when incubated in vitro at concentrations of 10-100 ug/mL. In electrophysiological studies on Ascaris muscle cells, piperazine (1-10 mM) causes hyperpolarization and reduces muscle contraction by acting on GABA receptors. No specific receptor binding or enzyme inhibition data for human targets are reported, as the drug is not intended to act on human physiology. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, piperazine hexahydrate is an orally active anthelmintic. It is used to treat infections with Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) in humans and animals. A single oral dose of 50-75 mg/kg (as piperazine base) is typically effective. The drug paralyzes worms, which are then eliminated in feces. Piperazine may also be used in veterinary medicine to treat worms in dogs, cats, and livestock. It has no significant in vivo activity against tapeworms or flukes.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Receptor binding assays are not typically performed for piperazine because its target (nematode GABA-gated chloride channels) is not expressed in standard mammalian receptor panels. Generic GABA receptor binding using mammalian brain membranes would not be informative. For scientific research, GABA receptor binding assays using nematode membrane preparations (isolated from Ascaris suum) can be performed: membranes are incubated with 3H-muscimol (5-10 nM) as a GABA receptor radioligand and varying concentrations of piperazine (0.1 uM to 1 mM) in binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) for 30-60 minutes at room temperature. Bound radioactivity is separated by filtration, and IC50 values are calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
Anthelmintic efficacy assays are typically performed on whole worms rather than isolated cells. For in vitro testing, Ascaris suum (pig roundworm) worms are collected from infected pigs and maintained in PBS or RPMI at 37degC. Worms are placed in culture medium (RPMI 1640 with antibiotics) containing varying concentrations of piperazine (1-500 ug/mL). Worm motility is assessed visually or using a motility scoring system (0 = paralyzed, 3 = fully active) at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 hours. EC50 for paralysis is determined. For cytotoxicity in mammalian cells, cultured cells (e.g., HepG2) are treated with piperazine (10-1000 uM) for 24-72 hours, and viability is measured by MTT to assess safety margin.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo efficacy protocol for anthelmintic testing: female BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks) are infected orally with 200-500 Ascaris suum eggs or 1000 Enterobius vermicularis eggs (experimental pinworm model). After 14-21 days (allowing worms to mature), mice are treated orally with a single dose of piperazine hexahydrate dissolved in water (100-500 mg/kg). Control groups receive vehicle (water) or a positive control (albendazole). After 24-48 hours, mice are euthanized and the intestinal contents are examined. The number of remaining worms in the small intestine is counted under a dissection microscope. Efficacy is calculated as the percentage reduction in worm counts compared to the vehicle control group.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Piperazine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (bioavailability ~50-70%), with peak plasma concentrations reached within 1-2 hours after oral administration. It is partially metabolized in the liver, but a significant fraction is excreted unchanged in urine. The plasma elimination half-life in humans is approximately 2-4 hours. For clinical use, piperazine hexahydrate is formulated as tablets or syrup (e.g., 500 mg piperazine equivalent). Standard storage: keep dry, at room temperature, and protect from light. Powder stored at -20degC for 3 years, in solution at -80degC for 1 year.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Piperazine hexahydrate is generally well tolerated at therapeutic doses. Common side effects in humans include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. At high doses, neurological toxicity (ataxia, tremor, seizures) may occur due to GABAergic effects on the CNS. Overdose can cause muscle weakness, incoordination, and blurred vision. The oral LD50 in rats is approximately 6-10 g/kg, indicating low acute toxicity. Long-term toxicity studies have shown no significant carcinogenic potential. Piperazine is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy or pre-existing neurological disorders.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
See also: Piperazine (has active moiety).
Piperazine hexahydrate has a long history of use as an anthelmintic drug, dating back to the 1950s. It is on the World Health Organization‘s List of Essential Medicines for treating ascariasis and enterobiasis. The hexahydrate form is the most common formulation of piperazine. The drug is also used in veterinary medicine. It is not effective against hookworms, whipworms, or tapeworms. Piperazine resistance has been reported in some nematode populations, limiting its use in some regions. Safer alternatives (albendazole, mebendazole) are now more frequently used in clinical practice. No new clinical trials are ongoing. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H22N2O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
194.23
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| Exact Mass |
194.148
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| CAS # |
142-63-2
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| Related CAS # |
110-85-0 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
120181
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| Appearance |
Solid Powder
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| Density |
1.92g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
145-156 °C(lit.)
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| Melting Point |
42-44 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
190 °F
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| Vapour Pressure |
4.05mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
26.5
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].N1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
AVRVZRUEXIEGMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H10N2.6H2O/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1;;;;;;/h5-6H,1-4H2;6*1H2
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| Chemical Name |
piperazine;hexahydrate
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| Synonyms |
1,4-Diazacyclohexane hexahydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~150 mg/mL (~772.28 mM; with heating and sonication)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.1485 mL | 25.7427 mL | 51.4854 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0297 mL | 5.1485 mL | 10.2971 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5149 mL | 2.5743 mL | 5.1485 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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