Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate (8 mM, 1 hour intravesical infusion; 20 J/cm2, 635 nm, 2 hours duration) reduces tumor size in a rat bladder cancer model [1].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absolute bioavailability: 7% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 5%–10%). Metabolisms/Metabolites: Rapidly metabolized in human blood. Biological half-life: Biphasic elimination, with an initial elimination half-life of 39 minutes followed by a terminal half-life of approximately 76 hours.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation
Currently, there is no information regarding the clinical use of hexamethylenetetramine propionate during lactation. Following bladder instillation, only approximately 7% of the dose is absorbed into the mother's bloodstream; therefore, the amount excreted into breast milk is expected to be minimal. Until more data are available, hexamethylenetetramine propionate should be used with caution during lactation, especially when breastfeeding newborns or preterm infants. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found.

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Protein Binding
No significant evidence of protein binding was found.

[1]. Monitoring of hexyl 5-aminolevulinate-induced photodynamic therapy in rat bladder cancer by optical spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2008 Jul-Aug;13(4):044031.

Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate is an organic nitrogen and organic oxygen compound whose function is related to δ-amino acids. Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate is an optical imaging agent. In its solution form, it is administered intravesically for photodynamic blue light cystoscopy as an adjunct to white light cystoscopy. On May 28, 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved hexyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride (Cysview intravesical instillation solution, Photocure ASA) as an optical imaging agent for use in conjunction with the Karl Storz Photodynamic Diagnostic D-Light C (PDD) system for the detection of non-muscle-invasive lesions of suspected or confirmed papillary bladder carcinoma during cystoscopy. This drug is indicated for patients with lesions previously found on cystoscopy. Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate is manufactured by Photocure ASA under the brand name Cysview®. In Europe, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate is marketed under the brand name Hexvix®.
Hexylaminolevulinate is the hexyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and possesses photodynamic properties. As a precursor to a photosensitizing porphyrin, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate induces the production of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), which selectively accumulates in tumor tissue. When exposed to light of a specific wavelength, PPIX is activated and emits fluorescence according to the wavelength and/or intensity of the light, thereby enabling tumor imaging or inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
See also: Hexylaminolevulinate hydrochloride (salt form).

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Drug Indications
Hexylaminolevulinate is indicated for the use of cystoscopy to detect non-muscle-invasive papillary bladder cancer in patients with suspected or known lesions on previous cystoscopy.
FDA Labels
Diagnosis of bladder cancer, Treatment of cervical dysplasia

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Mechanism of Action
Hexylaminolevulinate is an ester of the heme precursor aminolevulinic acid. Following bladder instillation, hexylaminolevulinate enters the bladder mucosa and is thought to have entered the intercellular spaces of mucosal cells, where it participates as a precursor in the formation of the photosensitive intermediate protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and other photosensitive porphyrins (PAPs). PpIX and PAPs have been reported to accumulate more readily in tumor cells compared to normal urothelium, partly due to altered enzyme activity in tumor cells. Under light excitation at wavelengths between 360 and 450 nm, PpIX and other PAPs return to lower energy levels via fluorescence, which can be detected and used for cystoscopy of lesions. Tumor tissue fluoresces bright red with well-defined borders, while background normal tissue appears deep blue. A similar process may occur in inflammatory cells.
Pharmacodynamics
In vitro studies have shown enhanced porphyrin fluorescence in normal urothelium after exposure to hexylaminolevulinate hydrochloride bladder instillation. In the human bladder, porphyrin accumulation is higher in tumor cells or inflammatory cells compared to normal urothelium. After bladder irrigation with hexaaminolevulinic acid bladder irrigation solution for about 1 hour, porphyrin will emit red fluorescence when irradiated with blue light with a wavelength of 360-450nm.

C11H21NO3

215.29

215.152

140898-97-1

6433083

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.004 g/cm3

313.2ºC at 760 mmHg

112.6ºC

2.118

1

4

10

15

192

0

RYQOILLJDKPETL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C11H21NO3/c1-2-3-4-5-8-15-11(14)7-6-10(13)9-12/h2-9,12H2,1H3

hexyl 5-amino-4-oxopentanoate

HAL

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)