| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Disodium succinate primarily targets the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle within cells. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the TCA cycle and can exit the mitochondrial matrix to function in the cytoplasm and extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating the epigenetic landscape, or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. It binds to copper ions and inhibits their activity in mitochondria.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In cell culture, disodium succinate hexahydrate is used as a TCA cycle supplement. It has been observed to influence cellular metabolism, facilitating energy production by providing succinate to the TCA cycle and contributing to ATP production. It is used as a surfactant, additive, ion chelating agent, and flavoring agent in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food fields.
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| ln Vivo |
Succinic acid (3-6 mg/kg; oral, single dose) has anti-anxiety effects in mice. Disodium succinate in conjunction with melatonin reduced liver mitochondrial dysfunction in rats with diabetes mellitus. The compound has anti-anxiety activity with oral efficacy and is described as an anti-anxiety agent with oral activity.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The activity of disodium succinate as a TCA cycle intermediate can be assessed using an enzyme-coupled assay. Isolated mitochondria or cell lysates are incubated with the compound and other TCA cycle substrates, and the production of NADH or FADH2 is measured fluorometrically (excitation 340 nm, emission 460 nm) or by absorbance at 340 nm. This protocol is widely used to study mitochondrial function and metabolic flux.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell culture applications typically involve supplementing cell culture media with disodium succinate hexahydrate at concentrations of 1-50 mM to study metabolic pathways, particularly oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle. Cellular ATP levels are measured using a luciferase-based assay, or oxygen consumption rate (OCR) is measured using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer to assess mitochondrial function.
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| Animal Protocol |
In an animal study, succinic acid (the free acid form of disodium succinate) is administered orally to mice at doses of 3-6 mg/kg as a single dose. Anxiety-like behavior is assessed using the elevated plus-maze test: animals are placed at the intersection of open and closed arms, and the time spent in open arms versus closed arms is recorded over a 5-minute period to evaluate anti-anxiety effects.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As an endogenous metabolite, disodium succinate hexahydrate is water-soluble (35 g/100 mL at 25degC) and readily absorbed following oral administration. It enters the TCA cycle and is metabolized to fumarate via succinate dehydrogenase, generating FADH2. Excess succinate is excreted in urine as succinic acid. The compound is also used as a buffer (pH ~7.0-8.0) in pharmaceutical formulations and cell culture media.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
A single dose oral toxicity test in rats at doses of 0, 2000, 300, and 1000 mg/kg showed favorable safety profiles. The compound is described as having low toxicity and is widely used in scientific research due to its stability and low toxicity. It is used in biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics studies, as a buffer in cell culture media, a preservative in food, and an additive in cosmetics.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Sodium succinate hexahydrate is the hexahydrate form of sodium succinate. It is used as a topical medication for treating cataracts and also has nutritional and health benefits. It contains anhydrous sodium succinate.
Disodium succinate hexahydrate is not approved as a therapeutic drug but is classified as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical excipient. It is used as an ingredient of topical preparations for the treatment of cataract, as a buffering agent to maintain stable pH in formulations, a stabilizer to prevent drug degradation, and a solubility enhancer for poorly soluble active ingredients. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H16NA2O10
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
270.14
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| Exact Mass |
270.053
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| CAS # |
6106-21-4
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| PubChem CID |
3083938
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
236.1ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
300 °C
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| Flash Point |
110.9ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
10
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
81.6
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)[O-])=O.O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H]
|
| InChi Key |
ZBTUYCUNQBRXOR-UHFFFAOYSA-L
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H6O4.2Na.6H2O/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8;;;;;;;;/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8);;;6*1H2/q;2*+1;;;;;;/p-2
|
| Chemical Name |
disodium;butanedioate;hexahydrate
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| Synonyms |
Wormwood acid disodium hexahydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7018 mL | 18.5089 mL | 37.0178 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7404 mL | 3.7018 mL | 7.4036 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3702 mL | 1.8509 mL | 3.7018 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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