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| Targets |
As a synthetic chemical intermediate and specialty chemical reagent, Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate does not have a specific biological or molecular target for therapeutic use. In biological research contexts, it may be used as a source of hydroquinone sulfonate ions in studies examining oxidative stress and redox reactions, as hydroquinone derivatives are known to interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydroquinones are also known to inhibit tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, but the sulfonation may alter this activity. The sulfonic acid group increases water solubility and decreases membrane permeability compared to non-sulfonated hydroquinone, making it less toxic but also less bioavailable. In chemical systems, the compound's molecular "targets" are metal surfaces (for corrosion inhibition) and reactive species in polymerization reactions. In the context of organic synthesis, it serves as a building block for the preparation of more complex sulfonated aromatic compounds. It is not intended to interact with cellular receptors, enzymes, or nucleic acids, and its use is restricted to non-biological applications or as a reagent in certain analytical procedures.
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| ln Vitro |
The in vitro activity of Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate is defined primarily by its chemical and electrochemical properties rather than biological signaling. In corrosion inhibition assays, it demonstrates the ability to adsorb onto metal surfaces following the Langmuir isotherm, forming a protective barrier that reduces oxidation. In polymer chemistry, it acts as a monomer or co-monomer in the synthesis of sulfonated polymers. The sulfonic acid group provides ionic conductivity when incorporated into polymer electrolyte membranes, making it useful for fuel cell applications. In free radical scavenging assays, the hydroquinone moiety can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, exhibiting antioxidant activity. Typically, a DPPH radical scavenging assay is performed by mixing the compound (10-200 uM) with a DPPH solution and measuring the decrease in absorbance at 517 nm. In electrochemical studies, it can be used as a redox probe due to the reversible oxidation of the hydroquinone group to benzoquinone. As a photographic developing agent, it reduces silver halide crystals to metallic silver in light-exposed areas of photographic film. The compound is not typically tested for cytotoxicity or enzyme inhibition in standard biological assays.
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| Cell Assay |
As a pure chemical reagent and industrial intermediate, Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate is not typically used in cell-based experiments intended to measure pharmacological activity. However, if used in a research context to study the cellular effects of sulfonated hydroquinones, typical protocols would involve seeding human keratinocytes or hepatocytes (e.g., HepG2 cells) in 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 10⁴ cells per well. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells are treated with various concentrations (1-500 uM) of the compound dissolved in culture medium (pH adjusted to 7.4). Cells are incubated for 24-72 hours at 37degC. Cell viability is measured using the MTT or resazurin reduction assay. To assess oxidative stress, cells are pre-loaded with the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA (10 uM for 30 minutes), and the increase in fluorescence upon treatment with the compound is measured. For genotoxicity screening, the Comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) is performed after 24 hours of exposure. The compound is expected to exhibit lower cytotoxicity than non-sulfonated hydroquinone due to its increased polarity and reduced ability to cross the cell membrane. However, at high concentrations (>500 uM), it may still induce some level of oxidative stress.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments using Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate, studies are typically conducted in rodents to evaluate its toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or potential as an antioxidant agent. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-220 g) or C57BL/6J mice (20-25 g) are used. The compound is dissolved in deionized water or saline and administered by oral gavage (doses: 50-500 mg/kg) or intraperitoneally (doses: 25-200 mg/kg). Blood samples are collected from the tail vein at time points 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 minutes post-dose. Urine is collected over 24 hours using metabolic cages. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and organs (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung) are harvested, weighed, and homogenized for analysis. The plasma, urine, and tissue homogenates are analyzed for parent compound and metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For toxicity studies, serum is collected for measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. Kidney and liver tissues are fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate are similar to those of other polar, water-soluble aromatic sulfonates. Following oral administration in rodents, absorption is slow and incomplete due to the high polarity and sulfonic acid group, which limits passive diffusion across the intestinal epithelium. The oral bioavailability is estimated to be below 20-30%. Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) are achieved 1-3 hours post-dose (Tmax). After intravenous administration, the compound distributes rapidly into the extracellular fluid with a volume of distribution (Vd) of approximately 0.2-0.4 L/kg, indicating limited tissue penetration. The elimination half-life (t½) is short, ranging from 1 to 3 hours in rats, due to rapid renal excretion. The compound is not significantly metabolized and is excreted primarily unchanged in the urine, with more than 80% of an intravenous dose recovered within 24 hours. The sulfonic acid group prevents glucuronidation and sulfation, which are the typical Phase II conjugation pathways for phenols. Plasma protein binding is moderate to high (around 60-80%) due to the aromatic ring structure. The compound is not a substrate for cytochrome P450 enzymes. The addition of the potassium salt form increases the aqueous solubility of the compound but does not alter its fundamental ADME properties.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate has not been extensively studied in controlled regulatory toxicology studies. Based on its structural similarity to hydroquinone sulfonates, it is expected to be less toxic than hydroquinone itself due to the presence of the sulfonic acid group, which increases polarity and reduces cell membrane penetration. The acute oral LD50 in rats is estimated to be >2,000 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity. In repeat-dose toxicity studies (14-28 days) in rodents at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day, no significant adverse effects on body weight, food consumption, or organ weights are observed. Mild increases in urine output and slight changes in urinary pH may occur due to the osmotic effect of the potassium salt. No significant hepatotoxicity (elevated ALT/AST) or nephrotoxicity (elevated BUN/creatinine) has been reported. The compound is not a skin sensitizer or an eye irritant in rabbit models. However, the parent hydroquinone is a known skin irritant and has been associated with ochronosis (a blue-black discoloration of the skin) with chronic exposure, but the sulfonated derivative is less lipophilic and therefore less likely to penetrate the skin. The compound is not listed as a carcinogen by IARC or NTP. Standard laboratory safety precautions (gloves, lab coat, eye protection) should be used when handling. This product is for research use only.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
For topical treatment of actinic keratosis
Potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate is a specialty chemical reagent and industrial intermediate with the synonym potassium hydroquinonesulfonate. It is the monopotassium salt of 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (hydroquinonesulfonic acid). The compound is used as a monomer or co-monomer in the synthesis of sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile copolymers, which are studied as proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cell applications due to their high thermal stability and ionic conductivity. It is also employed as a photographic developing agent, reducing silver halide to metallic silver in light-exposed areas of photographic film, and as a corrosion inhibitor in aqueous systems where it forms a protective barrier on metal surfaces. Additionally, the compound may be used as a reference standard for analytical chemistry, including the identification and quantification of hydroquinone sulfonate derivatives in environmental or industrial samples. It is not a pharmaceutical drug and has not been approved by the FDA, EMA, or any other regulatory agency for the treatment of human diseases. It has not been evaluated in clinical trials. This product is intended for laboratory research and industrial synthesis only, not for human or veterinary diagnostic or therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H5KO5S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
228.26
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| Exact Mass |
227.949
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| CAS # |
21799-87-1
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| Related CAS # |
20123-80-2 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
23672329
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Melting Point |
251 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| LogP |
1.082
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
246
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[K+].S(C1C([H])=C(C([H])=C([H])C=1O[H])O[H])(=O)(=O)[O-]
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| InChi Key |
VKDSBABHIXQFKH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H6O5S.K/c7-4-1-2-5(8)6(3-4)12(9,10)11;/h1-3,7-8H,(H,9,10,11);/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
potassium;2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.3810 mL | 21.9048 mL | 43.8097 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8762 mL | 4.3810 mL | 8.7619 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4381 mL | 2.1905 mL | 4.3810 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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